Reproductive System

functions of the reproductive system

produce male and female gametes (meiosis)

fertilization

grow and nourish embryo thru development

whata re the basic reproductive structures

gonads

gametes

ducts

accessory glands

external genitalia

fucntion of gonads

primary sex organs that produces gamteses and sex hormones

testes and ovaries

fucntion of gametes

reproductive cells

(sperm and ova)

function of ducts

receieve and transport gamete and fluids

function of accessory glands

secrete fluids into the reproductive system ducts

what is the scrotum

external pouch of skin that the testes reside in

fucntion of the cremaster muscle

contract and pull testes closer to body when warmth is needed

fucntion of seminiferous tubules in testes

in each lobe of testes, sperm produced all along this

where is mature sperm recueved

in the epididymis

fucntion of the rete testes

connects seminiferous tubules to epididymis, facilitating sperm transport.

fucntion of leydig cells in testes

produce male sex hormones

fucntion of Sertoli cells in testes

provide nutiretients to developing sperm cells

what are the hormones required to stimualte and maintain spermatogenesis

testosterone

follice-stimuaating hormone (FSH)

both not produced until puberty

true/false: spermatogenesis is sensatve to temperature changes

true

optimal temp is 2 degree C below body temp

describe process of speratogenesis

sperm stem cell (located in seminiferous tubules) undergoes mitosis producing two exact copies (one remains in tubule, one migrates to epidydimis)

the copy undergoes meiosis which results in four genetically different cells with half number of chormosones

as sperm cells mature, they develop 3 body regions (head, body and tail)

fcuntion of the head of sperm

contains the DNA

also a specialized lysosome called acrosome which contains enzymes to help sperm penetrate outer layer of egg cell

fucntion of the body/midpiece of the sperm

wrapped by mitochondria to generate ATP for movement

fucntion of the tail of sperm

called the flagella

used for movement

function of the vas deferens

duct that transports matured sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

also stores sperm

how does sperm move

peristalisis

same contraction of smooth muscles seen in esophogus and intestines

what are the three accessory glands that secrete semen

seminal vesicles

prostate gland

bulbourethral gland

what does the secretion from seminal vesicles contain

fructose (provide nourishment for sperm cells)

prostaglandins (stimuate smooth muscle)

fibrinogen (causes semen to temp clot in vagina- so it doesnt leak out)

alkaline secretions (neautralizes acids produced by prostate and vagina)

what is capacitation

activation of sperm cells

fcuntion of prostate gland

secretes semen

secretion adds fluid to the semen and contains nutrients to aid the sperm

frucntion of bulbourethral gland

adds a thick alkaline mucus to semen

makes easier to transport thru urethra and into female

also neutralizes acidity of urethra and vagina

three major components of semen

spermatozoa

seminal fluid

enzymes

fcuntion of erectile tissue

two large tubular structures

when filled with blood, produce and erection

fcuntion of urethra

carries both urine and semen out of penis

two parts of the erictile tissue

corpra cavernosa (2)

one corpus spongiosum that surrounds urethra

what si the glans

enlarged distal portion surrouding opening of urehtrof the penis that is sensitive.

fcuntion of hypothalamus

secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the anterior pituitary

fucntion of the anterior pituitary

secretes follicle stimualting hormone- FSH (promotes spermatogenesis)
luteninizing hormone - LH (promotes production of testosterone by interistial cells)

steps of ejaculation of sperm and semen

sperm is released from epididymis

fluid is added from the seminal vesicles (semen enters from the ejaculatory duct)

prostate and bulbourethral glands add their secretions and sperm is expelled from the body

what is a vasectomy

severs the vas deferncs above each testicle

male will still make testosterone and semen, but sperm cells will not leave epididiymis

fcuntions of the ovaries

site of oogenesis (egg production)

produce estrogen and progesterone

structure (cortex and medulla)

what is the external female genitalia collectively referred to as

vulva

what si the glans clitoris

higly sensitive pea-sized visible tip of clitosris

what is the crus clitoris

“legs” of the clitoris

swell with blood during arousal to increase sensitivity and aid sexual pleasure

what is the corpus cavernosum

paired, erectile tissue structures withing clitoris what fill with blood during arousal

what si thee bulb of vestibule

2 elongated masses of erectile tissue

similar to the corpus spongisum in testes

two parts of the labia

labia minora

labia majora

what is the urethal orifice

external opening of the urethra where urine is released

what si the outer capusle of the ovaries alled

tunica albuginea capsule

same as testes

how are the ovaries attatched to uterus

by ovarian ligament

how are ovaries attatched to pelvic wall

suspensory ligament

what are the hundreds of sac-like structures in each ovary

follicles

what is in each follicle

oocyte (immature egg cell)

follicular cells (produce female reproductive hormones)

describe process of oogenesis

before birth, mitosis occurs inside ovaries

this produces all oocytes the woman will need in her lifetime

these oocytes will not be released til puberty, when brain releases FSH

what is the ovulation cycle

every 28 days one oocyte inside a follicle in one of the ovaries begins to grow and mature

once mature, the follicle ruptures and is released

how does meiosis work in the female reproductive system

when meiosis I occurs, one daughter cell recieves most of cytoplasm (this is the oocyte), other daughter cell receives little (this is the polar body)

polar body degenerates while oocyte matures

what happens after the oocyte matyres in the ovulation cycle

the follicle ruptures and it is released

this is ovulation

pathway of a mature egg

mature egg (ovum) begins in fallopian tubes

heads toward uterus

Describe 28 days of ovarian cycle

primordial follicles (prepuberty)

primary follicle develop- day 1 (FSH increase stimulates maturation)

secondary/growing follicle- day 10 (follicle makes estrogen and progestrogenone)

mature follicle- day 14 (spike in FSH and LH, estrogen levels high)

ovulation/egg release- day 14

luteal phase- day 15-26 (corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones, prepares uterus for potential pregnancy)
menstrual phase- day 27-28 (if no fertilization occurs, hormone levels drop and menstruation begins)

how is the ovum transported thru the uterus

mpvement of cilia

different names for uterine tube

fallopian tube

oviduct

what does the fallopian tues connect

the ovaries to the uterus

four major portions of the uterine tubes

infundibulum (flared, funnel-shaped distal end)

fimbriae (projections on infundibulum)

ampulla (middle and longest part)

isthmus (narrower end toward uterus)

fcuntion of uterus

harbors fetus

provides a source of nutrition

expels fetus at end of develpment

parts of uterus

fundus (superior curvature)

body (middle)

cervix (inferior end)

fucntion of the cervical canal

connects lumen of uterus to vagina

fucntion of cervical glands

secrete mucus that prevents spread of microorganisms from vagina to uterus and prevents entery of sperm

three tissue layers of uterus

perimetrium (outside)

myometrium (middle)

endometrium (inner)

what kind of tissue is the perimetrium layer

connective tissue

what kind of tissue is the myometrium layer

smooth muscle

thickest layer of uterine wall

what kind of tissue is the endometrium layer

simple columnar epithelium

two layers of the endometrium

fucntional layer (shed each menstrual period)

basal layer (stays behind and regenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle)

what is special about the endometrium during pregnancy

endometrium is site of attachment of embryo and forms maternal part of placenta from which the fetus is nourished

main functions of the uterus

recieveing the egg

attaching to and holding the egg

nourishing the egg as it growing into a fetus

ejecting the fetus at birth

fucntions of the vagina

the birth canal for a full-term fetus

recieving the penis during sexual intercourse

what is the cervix

narrow canal that leads from the uterus into the vagina

function of bartholin’s glands

secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina

function of skenes glands

surrounded with tissue that reaches up inside the vagina and swells with blood during sexual arousal

two major changes the female reproductive system undergoes every 28 days

new oocyte matures into an ovum and is released

wall of uterus thickens with blood vessels, in anticipation of fertilized embryo

3 stages of the menstraul cycle

menstrual phase (progestroone and estrogen decrease)

proliferative phase (estrogen increases, endometrium thickens)
secretory phase (progesterone increases, prepares uterus for implantation)

what tissues are the breasts comprised of

mostly adipose and collagenous

two regions of the breast

body

axillary tail

what is the area around the nipple called

areola

what is colostrum

special milk produced for first 2-3 days of lactation

contains more proteins and antibodies, less fat

what is in true breast milk

water, proteins, amino acids, lipids, sugars, salts, antibodies

fucntion of birth control methids

disrupt ovulation

prevent successful fertilization of sperm

not allow implantation of a fertilized embryo

what si in birth control pills and what do they inhibit

cntain progesterone and estrogen’

inhibit FSH (which prevents follicle and ovum from developing)

how does hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs) work

causes cervix to fill with thick sticky muscus

prevents endometrium from thickening

also copper IUDs are toxic to sperm

what is in the morning after pill

progesterone and/or estrogen; it inhibits ovulation and may also prevent fertilization.

pathway of sperm

swim up thru cervix

up uterus

into oviducts

process of fertilization

when one sperm fertilizes the egg, it begins the second phase of meiosisand forms a zygote, which then undergoes cell division before implantation into the uterus.

how does a zygote form

23 chromosomes of the sperm and egg cell combine into one nucleus

how long does it take for a zygote to being mitosis

Approximately 24 hours after fertilization.

keeps dividing for 7 days until it implants into the uterus as a blastocyst

what does the blastocyst secrete

a hormone that stimulate ovaries to continue producing progesterone

fucntion of the SRY gene

sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome in mammals that determines maleness and is essential for development of testes

function of anti-mullerian hormone

secreted by Sertoli in males as they begin their morphologic differentiation in response to SRY expression

waht are mullerian ducts

develop to form the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 2/3 of vagina

fucntion of plancents

forms blood barrier between mother and embryo

takes role of producing progesterone for remainder of preganancy

what happens during the first trimenester

major organ systems are formed

fetus begins producing its own blood supply

what happens during the second trimester

seonsory organs develop

fetal position is taken (due to lack of space)

fetus may experience muscular contractions (kicking)

what happens during the third trimester

eyes open

arms and legs are at the final proportion

skina dn hair develop

subcutaneous fat develops