Energy and Reactions

Energy

________: the ability to promote change or do work.

Heat

________ (thermal energy): kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules.

free energy

A catabolic pathway in a cell releases ________ in a series of reactions.

ATP powers

________ cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.

Cells

________ are not in equilibrium; they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials.

energy liberated

The ________ is used to drive a variety of cellular processes.

Kinetic energy

________: associated with movement.

Spontaneous reactions

________: occur without input of additional energy.

Energy transformations

________ involve an increase in entropy (disorder that can not be harnessed to do work)

entropy increases

As ________, less energy is available for organisms to use to promote change.

Energy

________ is released by reaction.

Energy

the ability to promote change or do work

Kinetic energy

associated with movement

Potential Energy

due to structure or location

Heat (thermal energy)

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Chemical energy

the energy in molecular bonds; a form of potential energy

First Law of Thermodynamics

"Law of conservation of energy"; energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one type to another

Second Law of Thermodynamics

transfer of energy from one form to another increases the entropy (degree of disorder) of a system

Free energy (G)

the amount of energy available to do work

ΔG = Δ H

T Δ S

Spontaneous reactions

occur without input of additional energy

Key factor is the free energy change

if ΔG is negative, then process is exergonic and spontaneous

Activation energy

Initial input of energy to start reaction