HI Test 2

Persia/Iran Beginning

• Persia is an ancient state formed in 638 BCE

• Farsi, Zoroastrianism and Shia Islam dominated

• Now Shia Islam is the dominant religion

Qajat Dynasty

• 19th century Russia and Iran wars

• Great Famine 1870

  • Happened due to natural disaster, drought hoarding, and market manipulation

  • 15-20% died

• 1872: Political unrest

  • Shah allows foreign concessions to outsiders

  • Britain builds infostructure and pays for it

  • 1901 oil rights concession

Anglo-Iranian-Oil-Company (AIOC)

• Now considered BP, which did not use local people

• British company got rights to oil development

  • small profits went to the Shah, while a majority went to Britain

Constitutional Revolution 1905

• Shah is forced through constitutional revolution to accept a new constitution and representative body

• Majilis is the new representative government of Iran

Iran During/Post WWI

• Persia is occupied by Britain because Oil is a critical resource

  • British navy needed oil to run their engines

  • Persia remains independent/neutral

  • Russia and Britain occupy Iran/Persia

Reza Shah Khan + Pahlawi Dynasty

• Military coup: Army officer who marched on the government of Iran and toppled the government in Tehran in 1921

  • The Majilis name Reza as Shah and a new dynasty is established in 1925

1935 + Mustafa Ataturk

• Persia requests to be called Iran

• Admired Mustafa Ataturk who wanted to modernize Iran

  • Adopts a civil law code, secularized state institutions

  • Banned gendered segregation

  • Mandated western clothing

Iran in WWII

• Iran is occupied and friendly with Germans

• Reza Shah was forced to expel Germans from the country

• Forced to abdicate in 1941

  • Britain and Russia force him out of power

  • Reza dies in South Africa in 1944

Mohammad Reza Pahlawi

• The British replace Reza Khan with his son in 1941

  • He was the last Shah of Iran who ruled from 1941-1979

  • The Allies used Iran as a Base of operations

WWII: Anglo Soviet Invasion of Iran

• The invasion caused a famine—human made

  • 3-4 million Persians died/were starved due to Russians and Britain’s

  • This causes Marxists groups to grow

• 1949: failed assassination dissolved the Majilis

• 1951-1953: Mosaddegh is elected as the prime minister

Post 1953 + Mosaddegh

• Mosaddegh plans to nationalize oil and place all profits in Iran’s hands

• Mohammad Reza Shah is put back into power by the CIA following a coup led by the CIA plus Britain

  • Embracing the westernization of Iran

  • 1963: Wide reaching social, political, economic change

  • Women’s suffrage

  • 10970s: ended the two party system and established one party

Savak

• Established after 1953

• Created by CIA and Mossad

• Secret police that was domestic

• Brutally oppressed people and subjugated political and social changes

• known for interrogation, security, and censorship

Ayatollah Khomeini

• 1960s: was outspoken about the Shah and his forced liberalism

• Khomeini was exiled from Iran and broadcasted on a secret radio

• in the 1970s he leaded an Islamic revolution

  • Massive revolts and military revolts

• After 1970: Promised a populist, Muslim society

  • However, women’s rights were stripped

  • oppositions banned

  • Newspapers banned

  • dismantled labor unions

  • Marxist and leftists groups were executed by the Guard Corp + everyone against the Ayatollah

Industrialization

• Industrial revolution began in the 18th century

• The French revolution marked the divide between slow economic growth and rapid economic growth

• Labor changed: unfree/forced/slavery ends and wage labor class emerges

  • this emergence causes urbanization, makes people move to cities

• This starts the rise of political ideas

  • socialism, communism, and fascism

First Industrial Revolution

• Great Britain is the first country to industrialize

  • They had coal + colonies, meaning large energy sources

• Many legal moves were made

  • Calico Act: No imports from India of cotton

  • Created patent laws: if you created it, you make profit

• Downsides: Excessive pollution, spread of disease, overcrowding, and poverty

• “Hungry 40s”: food riots because transportation was bad along with there not being enough

• Things begin improving after laws and advancements are made in safety and public health

Second Industrial Revolution

• 1870-1914

• Electricity is invented along with the iridescent light bulb

• Steel is invented and makes things stronger

  • advanced machines, assembly lines, and trains

• Henry Ford created industrial lines

• Oil is being used as fuel

• Everything runs better on oil and being made out of steel

• All of this plays a good role in England’s imperialism making the process easier

  • “means and motive”

• All of this also industrializes warfare

Third Industrial Revolution

• 1950s-1970s

• Analog electronics + digital technology like the computer

• Knowledge based economy

• Nuclear energy and military advancements due to WWII

• Jobs shift from blue collar to white collar

  • Factories begin closing

Fourth Industrial Revolution

• The current day: AI, robotics, and science advance very quickly in health and medical fields

• Big tech improved medicine with technical and chemical advancements in bio tech

Capitalism

• Free market system

• The enlightenment ideology began this

• It was a reaction to tyranny, excessive taxation, and “natural order”

• Opened Lassize faire: allowing economics to unfold without interference from the government

Adam Smith

• Wrote “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776

• Is known as the father of capitalism and the spread of free market ideology

• Lockean ideas of individual liberty applied to economics

• Smith argues for selfishness due to everyone possibly benefiting from it

Socialism

• Created after the problems with industrialization

• Industrialization needed restrictions: can be traced back to France in the 1830s

• Begins as a labor rights movement critiquing capitalism

• Socialism is the stage between capitalism and communism

19th C Socialism

• Robert Owen: Early wealthy industrialist and have active social reform

• Had a utopian version of socialism that fixed industrialist problems

  • people work and and live together plus share work and profits

Communism

• Created after the problems with industrialization

• Originated with Karl Marx, known as the Father of communism

  • Wrote the “Communist Manifesto”

  • rejected industrialism and created a collectivist idea about the proletariat against the bourgeoisie

  • Free public education

  • centralization of transportation

  • centralization of banks

  • His ideas did not gain traction until the 19th century

• by the 1980s 1/3 of the countries in the world lived in Marxists lenisit states

• Communist states are totalitarian

Fascism

• Emerges in Italy after WWI

• Italian Fascist party was under Mussolini

• Strength through collectivism

• Rejected the industrial capitalist system

• Totalitarian system: One party of private industry

• Defined as radical authoritarian nationalism

• Merge of cooperatati’s and government power

Nazi Parties

• “Nationalist Socialist Worker Party”

• Somewhat anti capitalist

• Did not begin as an anti-sematic movement, happened during the 1930s to be antimarx

• appealed to the workers and veterans after WWI

• Shifted into what Hitler did in Germany during WWII

  • Eugenics, concentration camps, gas chambers

  • 12-17 million people died

Totalitarianism

• Communism and Fascism are both totalitarian

• NO political plurality, government censorship, seeks to control day to day life, no intellectual or artistic expression, relies on propaganda, fear, and manipulation, an us vs. them mentality.

Totalitarianism VS. Authoritarianism

• Authoritarianism: use of a strong central power restricts or limits political plurality, restricts democratic functions, can be under an individual or oligarchy

• Overlap: state directed violence, lack of basic freedoms, consolation of power

• All totalitarian states are authoritarian but not all authoritarian are totalitarian

• All fascist regimes are totalitarian but not all totalitarian are fascist

Communist Russia

• USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

• Agrarian state with a lot of peasants

• Slow to industrialize + Feudal

• Conservative

  • Hereditary absolute ruler

• Violent civil wars

• oppressed ethnic and political groups

• 19 Million people die under Stalin

• Dekulak + Dekazak

  • Erasing higher economic class (Kulak) and erasing the Kazak ethnicity

Communist China

• Agrarian state with a lot of peasants

• Slow to industrialize + NOT feudal

• Conservative

  • Hereditary absolute ruler

• Violent civil wars

• oppressed ethnic and political groups

• Anti Europe

• 40 Million die under Mao

  • Mao finds the Peoples Republic of China

    • in order to stimulate steel production he recommends creating it in your backyard,

    • nationalization of farming lead to the Chinese famine of 1962

Japan

• Japan occupies and invades China and southeast Asia

  • Rape of Nanking

    • Mass murder and rape of Chinese citizens and prisoners of war

• Modernized without civil war or dictatorship

• Became newly industrialized by the 18th century

Chinese Cultural Revolution

• “The little red book” reinstalled the communist revolution

• 4 Olds: Old ideas, old cultures, old habits, and old customs

  • revolutionaries wanted to get rid of these

  • anything traditionally Chinese was targeted

  • bourgeoise and intelligence was targeted

  • religious people targeted and exiled

Ottoman Empire

• Modernized without civil war or dictatorship

• Mostly agricultural that had state ran industrial centers

• The ottomans decide something must be done about Napoleons invasion of Egypt

  • decide to begin modernizing and reforming the army

• Sultan Selim: Begins reformation

• Sultan Muhammad: Continues reform

• Alluhamid: Was religious + conservative

  • wanted to rollback changes

  • the “Young Turks” overthrow him and keep the modern reform

WWI

• WWI ends in Europe with a treaty signed in 1919

• WWI continues in the Middle East W/ Turkey

• Zimmerman Telegram: 1917, Telegram from Germany to Mexico that was intercepted by Britain asking Mexico to invade the US and gain their land back to assist Germany

• Trench warfare: Was literally horrible

• Germans were put in interment camps by the US

• Lots of organizations created to combat colonization and to mobilize for independence

Empires Collapse

• Austro-Hungary empire collapses

• Ottoman empire collapses

• USSR falls and Russia forms

Inter War Years

• Some disillusionment and nihilism grows after the war in the west

• Great depression starts

• Rise of Fascism

• Increase of Nationalism

Cold War

• After WWII US + Soviet Russia enter a cold war: post nuclear world

• Competition for influence/control between US and Russia

• Smaller scale global conflicts continue

Internal Politics

• US interfered directly in internal politics

• Operation condor: officially implemented in November 1975 to eliminate Marxism in South America

  • US does a lot of coups in South American countries and other countries they consider “communist”

Russian Civil War 1918-1923

• Between the whites and reds

• 5-9 million casualties

• USSR forms in 1922

• Joseph Stalin assumes control