BIOL 427 MONOCOTS + cumulative

Orchidaceae

orchid family, P 3+3 A 3+3, 3+3 staminodes, or 0+3 G (3) INFERIOR OVARY, bilateral flowers, herbs (some epiphytic) → VANILLA, LOCULICIDAL CAPSULE

Orchid terminology

gynostemium (the column), labellum (highly modified tepal/petal), operculum (cap over ONE anther), pollinia (pollen masses) rostellum (stigmatic lobe)

Agavaceae

Agave family, P 3+3 A 6 G (3), superior or inferior, CAPSULE, Large herbs, NO TRUE WOOD, leaves in rosettes → sheathing, tepals NO spots, and leave switch tough fibers

Themidaceae

Brodiaea family, P 3+3 A 3+3, 3+3 staminodes, 0+3 G (3), SUPEIROR loculicidal capsule, SCHOOL BELLS

Liliaceae

Lily family, P 3+3 A 6 G (3), SUPERIOR OVARY, herbs, LEAVES SHEATHING, 6 distinct TEPALS, with SPOTS

Zingiberaceae

Ginger family, P (3+3) A 1 fertile+2+2 petaloid staminodes G (3), INFERIOR, capsule, LABELLUM IS NOT A PETAL (2 fused staminodes), CONE inflorescence, anther wraps wound stamen → TUMERIC, GINGER

Arecaceae

Palm family, P 3 + 3, A 3 + 3 (6-inf), G (3) superior, DRUPE fruitNOT TRUE TREES so not have wood but fibrous stems, Plicate (FOLDED) fronds/leaves, with long petioles→ COCONUT, ACAI, PALM

Bromeliaceae

Bromeliad, pineapple family P 3+3 (3+3), A 3 + 3, G (3), superior or inferior, CAPSULE/BERRY, eaves alternate, tough, toothed, broad and linear (FORM TANKS/hold water), rosette leaves, → PINEAPPLES and spanish moss

Cyperaceae

Sedge family, P 6 or 0, A 3 (1-6), G (2-3), superior, TRIANGLE STEMS, THREE STIGMA LOBES, ACHENE fruit

Poaceae

Grass family, P 2-3, A 2-3, G (2-3), superior, ROUND stems WITH HOLES< sheath + LIGULES (membrane) between sheath and leaves, leaves coil all the way around, fruit is CARYOPSIS

Monocots defining features

embryo with single cotyledon (single leaf emerges from embryo), mature roots are fibrous, and scattered vascular bundles in stem, gynoecium FUSED, mostly wind-polinated (insect if nectary disks are present)

Commelenids

UV fluorescent cell-wall compounds (arecaceae, bromeliacea, cyperaceae, poaceae)

Families with opposite leaves

Plantaginaceae, Bignoniaceae, Lamiaceae, Phrymaceae, Apocynaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Sapindaceae

Families with flowers adapted to hummingbird pollination

Bignoniaceae, Ericaceae, Bromeliaceae, Boraginaceae, onagraceae

Families with flowers adapted to wind pollination

Platanginaceae, poaceae, fagaceae, asteraceae, cyperaceae,

Rushes

Juncaceae, 6 part perianth (looks like a crown), filled stems, 3 STIGMA LOBES, leaves come out one direction

Sedges

cyperaceae, triangular stem, 3 ranked leaves, 3 STIGMA LOBES, FRUIT = ACHENE

Grasses

hallow + circular stems, 2 ranked leaves with LIGULES, CARYOPSIS (grain) FRUIT

Glume

= bracts

Spikelet

group of florets

Lemma

ONE SPEPAL, ODD number of veins AWN = long extension

Palea

TWO SEPALS, 2 veins

Lodicules

2-3 COROLLA small, fleshy, scale-like structures located at the base of the ovary in a grass flower (floret)

Stamens

often dangling from florette (2-3)

Stigmas & Ovary

two stigmas and superior ovary (2-3)