Misleading information

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Last updated 7:41 PM on 4/8/26
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9 Terms

1
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Leading question

  • when a question is worded in a certain way to gain a desireable answer

2
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Loftus and Palmer 1

  • 45 USA students watched a car crash and asked a question with different verb. Estimated speed.

  • Smashed/hit/collided/bumped/contacted.

3
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Findings:

SMASHED: highest speed.

Response bias: wording influenced how ppt decided to answer.

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Loftus and Palmer 2

  • 150 ppt, one group: smashed. one group: hit. One group: no verb.

  • Q: “did you see broken glass”

  • Substitution bias: wording of question altered memory.

5
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Post event discussion

Gabbert et al: 60 adults 60 students shown crime in different perspectives.

Control group: no discussion.

co witness group: discussed

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Findings:

  • 71% of cowitness group had false information added (altered)

  • 0% of control group reported something false.

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Memory conformity/contamination

  • conformity: for social desirability.

  • contamination: memory altered and distorted by having new info added.

8
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Limitations

  • witnesses rarely see a whole event unfold so artificial nature reduces generalisability.

  • Demand characteristics: ppt may want to be helpful and guess when asked question.

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Strengths

  • Real world application: led to development of cognitive interview