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non-vascular plants/bryophytes
no vascular tissue (tubelike cells for transport), water moves by osmosis, low-growing
vascular plants
sporophyte generation is dominant, contain vascular structures, so can grow larger and survive away from sources of water
lignin
gives cells walls strength to for extra height in taller plants
fern
seedless vascular plants
fronds
the leaves of a fern
spores
produced in sori
gymnosperms
vascular plants, “naked seeds”, water not needed for reproduction
conifers/cones
produce seeds on scales of cones
pollen
contains sperm which carries to females
angiosperm
vascular plants, produce flowers, develops seeds in fruits which help protect embryo
monocot
one seeds leaf in embryo
dicot
two seeds leaf in embryo
roots
two types of root systems: fibrous and tap
fibrous root system
highly branched and same size (most monocots)
tap root system
large central floor (most dicots)
root hairs
increase surface areas for roots
root caps
protects the apical meristem
stems
where leaves and buds grow
herbaceous stems
flexible vascular bundles scattered
woody stems
rigid, have growth rings of vascular tissues that determine ages
leaves
simple and compound
cuticle
protects internal components
epidermis
spongy layer that allows gas exchange
mesophyll
allows for photosynthesis to occur
stomata
holes in epidermis that open and close for gas exchange
guard cells
cells that control the closing and opening of stomata based on the availability of water and CO2
veins
provides the transport of water and nutrients from one part of the plant to the other
xylem
vein that transports water and minerals
phoem
vein that transports sugars and nutrients
petiole
the stalk of the plant that attaches the leaf to the stem
blade
the expanded thin and green part of the leaf which performs photosynthesis
tissues
a group of cells
dermal tissue
the outer layer of tissue that surrounds the primary part of vascular plants
vascular tissue
the main transport system of the plant—composed of xylem and phoem
ground tissue
store molecules, support the plant, perform photosynthesis
meristematic tissue
undifferentiated cells which divide and become specialized
primary growth
the rapid dividing of cells, makes it so roots grow outwards and stems upwards; occurs at apical meristems of plants
secondary growth
division of cells in the lateral meristem cause plant to become thicker and wider
cohesion-tension theory
postulates that water ascent in trees is due to the fact that water is cohesive
pressure-flow hypothesis
postulates that sugars flow to where they’re needed b/c of change in pressure occurs in plant tubes
parenchyma
“building material” of plants, perform many different jobs, soft and found all over the plant
collenchyma
cells that give plants flexibility, helps plants withstand natural events, such as heavy winds, grows near stems and leaves undersides
sclerenchyma
are the “body guards” of plants, providing support and protection, found in stems and seeds, helps plant resist breaking and bending
alteration of generations
plant alternates between diploid and haploid phases during reproduction
haploid
the “reproductive phase” of plants, produces gametes through mitosis
diploid
the “growth and development” phase, the plant is now fertilized, cell begins to grow and become a new organism
gametophyte
this is the haploid phase in plants, which is a small, haploid plant that produces sperm and eggs
sporophyte
this is the main body of the plant that produces spores, the “growth phase”
pollination
when pollen travels from the male part of a flower to the female part—usually through abiotic or biotic factors
self-pollination
when the male part of a flower’s pollen travels to the female part of the same flower, allowing for reproduction w/o another flower
cross-pollination
when the pollen from the male part of a flower travels and pollinates the female part of another flower, biodiversity
flower
the reproductive structure of a plant that produces seeds and fruits
sepal
leaflike; green; arranged in a circle beneath the petals
petal
leaflike and colorful, arranged in circle called the corolla
stamen
male part of flower made of anther and filament
filament
stalk that supports the anther
anther
produces pollen containing sperm and the filament
pistil (carpel)
female part from sticky stigma, tubelike style, and ovary which contains ovules with eggs inside
stigma
sticky tip of female reproductive part of flower, where pollen lands during pollination
style
tubelike structure connecting the stigma to the ovary, helps guide pollen
ovary
swollen base part of the female reproductive structure in a flower
ovules
develop into seeds after fertilization
eggs
small structures called ovules found inside the ovary
receptacle
base of flower where all the other parts, like petals, septals, stamens, and pistils attached
complete flower
has all 4 organs
incomplete flower
lacks 1 or more organs
double fertilization
one sperm joins w/the egg in the ovule and the other joins w/the central cell (2N) to form the endospore (3N)
fruit
can be dry (nuts, grains…) or fleshy (oranges, peaches, tomatoes, squash), fruits protect seeds and aid in dispersal
seed
pollen grows tube to join with egg (fertilization) forming seeds, protects and nourishes embryo
embryo
early stage of plant development that grows into a new plant
cotyledon
seed leaf of embryo
endosperm
food source of seed, provides nutrition to embryo, helping it to grow
seed coat
protects embryo
germination
development of the seed into a new plant
transpiration
water loss in plants straight to atmosphere
phototropism
response to light
gravitropism
response to gravity
thigmotropism
response to touch
hormones
chemicals made in one part of an organism that causes a change somewhere else
photoperiodism
response to amount of darkness during 24 hr day; causes blooming in different seasons for different plants
plant adaptations
helps plants reproduce; waxy cuticle, stomata, specialized leaves, roots, stems and lignin
lifespans
some plants live from 1 year to thousands of years
annual lifespan
a growth and reproduction cycle that happens within a year
biennial lifespan
a growth and reproduction cycle that happens within 2 years (growth in first year, than flowers and seed production in second year)
perennial
a plant that continues its lifecycle multiple times, leading to a lifespan of multiple years
regeneration
new plant grown from a piece
vegetative reproduction
different ways plants can reproduce
stolons
horizontal stems — like strawberries
rhizomes
horizontal underground stems — iruses
tubers
underground storage stem; eyes can grow new plant
bulbs
underground stems w/modified leaves; can divide to produce new plant—onions
vegetative propogation
producing a new plant asexually for desirable qualities
grafting
a piece of stem is cut from the parent plant and attached to another plant
cutting
length of stem containing lateral buds is cut from parent plant and buried in soil or rooting mixture
auxins
growth hormones; cause cells to elongate, inhibit growth of side branches
gibberellins
dramatic increase in size in plant structures, germination
cytokinins
growth of side branches
ethylene
ripens fruit
source cells
create the sugars and pump them into phloem during pressure-flow hypothesis
sink cells
cells that receive sugars from the phloem