plant terms

non-vascular plants/bryophytes

no vascular tissue (tubelike cells for transport), water moves by osmosis, low-growing

vascular plants

sporophyte generation is dominant, contain vascular structures, so can grow larger and survive away from sources of water

lignin

gives cells walls strength to for extra height in taller plants

fern

seedless vascular plants

fronds

the leaves of a fern

spores

produced in sori

gymnosperms

vascular plants, “naked seeds”, water not needed for reproduction

conifers/cones

produce seeds on scales of cones

pollen

contains sperm which carries to females

angiosperm

vascular plants, produce flowers, develops seeds in fruits which help protect embryo

monocot

one seeds leaf in embryo

dicot

two seeds leaf in embryo

roots

two types of root systems: fibrous and tap

fibrous root system

highly branched and same size (most monocots)

tap root system

large central floor (most dicots)

root hairs

increase surface areas for roots

root caps

protects the apical meristem

stems

where leaves and buds grow

herbaceous stems

flexible vascular bundles scattered

woody stems

rigid, have growth rings of vascular tissues that determine ages

leaves

simple and compound

cuticle

protects internal components

epidermis

spongy layer that allows gas exchange

mesophyll

allows for photosynthesis to occur

stomata

holes in epidermis that open and close for gas exchange

guard cells

cells that control the closing and opening of stomata based on the availability of water and CO2

veins

provides the transport of water and nutrients from one part of the plant to the other

xylem

vein that transports water and minerals

phoem

vein that transports sugars and nutrients

petiole

the stalk of the plant that attaches the leaf to the stem

blade

the expanded thin and green part of the leaf which performs photosynthesis

tissues

a group of cells

dermal tissue

the outer layer of tissue that surrounds the primary part of vascular plants

vascular tissue

the main transport system of the plant—composed of xylem and phoem

ground tissue

store molecules, support the plant, perform photosynthesis

meristematic tissue

undifferentiated cells which divide and become specialized

primary growth

the rapid dividing of cells, makes it so roots grow outwards and stems upwards; occurs at apical meristems of plants

secondary growth

division of cells in the lateral meristem cause plant to become thicker and wider

cohesion-tension theory

postulates that water ascent in trees is due to the fact that water is cohesive

pressure-flow hypothesis

postulates that sugars flow to where they’re needed b/c of change in pressure occurs in plant tubes

parenchyma

“building material” of plants, perform many different jobs, soft and found all over the plant

collenchyma

cells that give plants flexibility, helps plants withstand natural events, such as heavy winds, grows near stems and leaves undersides

sclerenchyma

are the “body guards” of plants, providing support and protection, found in stems and seeds, helps plant resist breaking and bending

alteration of generations

plant alternates between diploid and haploid phases during reproduction

haploid

the “reproductive phase” of plants, produces gametes through mitosis

diploid

the “growth and development” phase, the plant is now fertilized, cell begins to grow and become a new organism

gametophyte

this is the haploid phase in plants, which is a small, haploid plant that produces sperm and eggs

sporophyte

this is the main body of the plant that produces spores, the “growth phase”

pollination

when pollen travels from the male part of a flower to the female part—usually through abiotic or biotic factors

self-pollination

when the male part of a flower’s pollen travels to the female part of the same flower, allowing for reproduction w/o another flower

cross-pollination

when the pollen from the male part of a flower travels and pollinates the female part of another flower, biodiversity

flower

the reproductive structure of a plant that produces seeds and fruits

sepal

leaflike; green; arranged in a circle beneath the petals

petal

leaflike and colorful, arranged in circle called the corolla

stamen

male part of flower made of anther and filament

filament

stalk that supports the anther

anther

produces pollen containing sperm and the filament

pistil (carpel)

female part from sticky stigma, tubelike style, and ovary which contains ovules with eggs inside

stigma

sticky tip of female reproductive part of flower, where pollen lands during pollination

style

tubelike structure connecting the stigma to the ovary, helps guide pollen

ovary

swollen base part of the female reproductive structure in a flower

ovules

develop into seeds after fertilization

eggs

small structures called ovules found inside the ovary

receptacle

base of flower where all the other parts, like petals, septals, stamens, and pistils attached

complete flower

has all 4 organs

incomplete flower

lacks 1 or more organs

double fertilization

one sperm joins w/the egg in the ovule and the other joins w/the central cell (2N) to form the endospore (3N)

fruit

can be dry (nuts, grains…) or fleshy (oranges, peaches, tomatoes, squash), fruits protect seeds and aid in dispersal

seed

pollen grows tube to join with egg (fertilization) forming seeds, protects and nourishes embryo

embryo

early stage of plant development that grows into a new plant

cotyledon

seed leaf of embryo

endosperm

food source of seed, provides nutrition to embryo, helping it to grow

seed coat

protects embryo

germination

development of the seed into a new plant

transpiration

water loss in plants straight to atmosphere

phototropism

response to light

gravitropism

response to gravity

thigmotropism

response to touch

hormones

chemicals made in one part of an organism that causes a change somewhere else

photoperiodism

response to amount of darkness during 24 hr day; causes blooming in different seasons for different plants

plant adaptations

helps plants reproduce; waxy cuticle, stomata, specialized leaves, roots, stems and lignin

lifespans

some plants live from 1 year to thousands of years

annual lifespan

a growth and reproduction cycle that happens within a year

biennial lifespan

a growth and reproduction cycle that happens within 2 years (growth in first year, than flowers and seed production in second year)

perennial

a plant that continues its lifecycle multiple times, leading to a lifespan of multiple years

regeneration

new plant grown from a piece

vegetative reproduction

different ways plants can reproduce

stolons

horizontal stems — like strawberries

rhizomes

horizontal underground stems — iruses

tubers

underground storage stem; eyes can grow new plant

bulbs

underground stems w/modified leaves; can divide to produce new plant—onions

vegetative propogation

producing a new plant asexually for desirable qualities

grafting

a piece of stem is cut from the parent plant and attached to another plant

cutting

length of stem containing lateral buds is cut from parent plant and buried in soil or rooting mixture

auxins

growth hormones; cause cells to elongate, inhibit growth of side branches

gibberellins

dramatic increase in size in plant structures, germination

cytokinins

growth of side branches

ethylene

ripens fruit

source cells

create the sugars and pump them into phloem during pressure-flow hypothesis

sink cells

cells that receive sugars from the phloem