Exam 2 - Marcel (Kahoot and Practice Test)

- storage of calcium and phosphate ions

- providing support for most muscles

- protecting the brain

- protecting the spinal cord

What are the functions of the skeleton?

osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells are called _________

False

(red bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, not bone cells)

T/F Red bone marrow is important in the production of new bone cells

True

T/F The hematopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.

False

(both intramembranous and endochondral ossification are distinct, ongoing processes used primarily during fetal development, infancy, and childhood, not young adulthood)

T/F Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.

False

(bones cannot grow in diameter through interstitial growth. Instead, they increase in diameter through appositional growth.)

T/F Bones grow in diameter by interstitial growth.

Once hydroxyapatite crystals begin to form, they attract more calcium and phosphate, accelerating further crystal growth and mineral deposition.

How does positive feedback contribute to bone mineralization?

True

T/F Hypercalcemia is rare, but hypocalcemia can result from a wide variety of conditions.

True

T/F Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.

False

(osteomalacia causes softening and weakening of the bones, not brittleness. Brittleness is the hallmark of different conditions, such as osteoporosis)

T/F Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.

1. Hematoma formation

2. soft callus formation

3. hard callus formation

4. bone remodeling

The order of the healing of a bone fracture

It helps to protect the cartilage from unnecessary damage as it swells up

Why is a warm-up before a workout beneficial to your joints?

True

T/F Under normal circumstances, the wrist can be hyperextended, but the elbow cannot.

False

(a joint (or lever system) with a mechanical advantage greater than \(1.0\) trades speed and distance for increased force, rather than the other way around.)

T/F A joint with a mechanical advantage greater than 1.0 has increased speed and distance and less force.

True

T/F The forearm acts as a third-class lever during flexion of the elbow

Rheumatoid arthritis.

Which form of arthritis is associated with ankylosis (joint fusion)

True

T/F The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber

Z discs

What marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?

True

T/F Clinically, dystrophin is the most important noncontractile protein to occur in muscle fibers

True

The sarcolemma becomes more permeable to Na+/Na+ starts to enter the cell

What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction?

It releases Ca2+ when a muscle fiber is excited

What is the primary function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during muscle contraction?

troponin

During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to _____.

relaxes

When acetylcholinesterase breaks down the acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction, the skeletal muscle ___________.

False

(The statement is false because overly stretching a muscle reduces its ability to contract rather than facilitating it)

T/F In skeletal muscle proteins are aligned in a way that is overly stretched. This lengthening facilitates the contractions

myokinase

In order for muscle to continue contracting after oxygen is depleted, what is essential?

liver

Most of the lactate produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvate by the _____

The body requires more oxygen to restore levels of ATP and CP

Why does one continue to breath heavy after rigorous physical activity has stopped?

Type IIB fast-twitch fibers

Which fibers are primarily responsible for producing lactate?

The intercalated discs of cardiac muscle

Where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?

It does not have proper sarcomeres

Why is the contraction strength of smooth muscle relatively independent of its resting length?

True

T/F Some smooth muscle is autorhythmic

True

T/F Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.

True

T/F Osteoid tissue is similar to bone except for a lack of minerals.

False

(osteoclasts are not derived from osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells. While osteogenic cells do differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts, osteoclasts have a completely separate origin)

T/F Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Hydroxyapatite

What is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?

hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

The hardness of bone comes from_________, whereas_________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.

Osteoclasts

Which one of the bone cells has the greatest number of lysosomes?

flat bones of the skull

Intramembranous ossification produces the_________.

epiphyseal plate

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the_________.

False

(a child's bones are still growing; they have epiphyseal plates (growth plates), not epiphyseal lines.)

T/F A radiograph (X-ray) of a child's hand will show epiphyseal lines.

cell proliferation

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of_________ of the metaphysis.

cartilage growth

Bone elongation is a result of_________.

articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the_________.

True

T/F Hypercalcemia causes depression of the nervous system.

Amino Acids

Which major biological molecule does not require phosphate as a structural component?

Communication among neurons, exocytosis, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.

Name four important physiological processes that require calcium ions (Ca²⁺).

- Removal of the parathyroid glands

- Lactation

- Lack of exposure to UV radiation

- Pregnancy

What puts women at risk for hypocalcemia?

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

Blood Ca 2+ deficiency stimulates_________ secretion, which leads to_________.

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect_________.

True

T/F Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called hyperkyphosis.

rickets; osteomalacia

The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called_________ in children and_________ in adults.

blood vessel

In appositional bone growth, new bone is deposited around a_________.

forms new bone on the surface of older bone

Appositional bone growth is a process that_________.

False

(circumduction is defined as a sequential combination of four fundamental movements: flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Any synovial joint capable of performing these four motions in a sequence can produce circumduction)

T/F Circumduction is limited to ball-and-socket joints.

Potassium

The sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to_________.

False

(it actually describes the A band, not the H band.)

T/F A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an H band.

A Bands

What contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?

True

T/F A deficiency of acetylcholine receptors leads to muscle paralysis in myasthenia gravis.

To inhibit the function of cholinesterase

How would you best describe the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis?

False

(the sliding filament theory was first proposed decades ago. Two independent research teams introduced the core model in 1954)

T/F The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction has emerged from research only in the last 10 to 15 years

5

During muscle contraction, a single myosin head consumes ATP at a rate of about_________ ATP per second.

Phosphate

What is released when myosin heads attach to actin filaments?

sarcolemma

An action potential for a muscle cell is propagated along the_________.

an action potential

Increased calcium ion permeability of the presynaptic terminal cell membrane is caused by_________.

32

Aerobic respiration produces a net yield of approximately_________ ATPs per glucose.

The phosphagen system

Which of the following systems would provide energy for a racquetball player while playing a point?

They make more use of aerobic respiration.

A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. What characteristic of the soleus muscles makes this so?

satellite cells

Cardiac muscle has very little capacity for regeneration because it lacks_________.

They release neurotransmitter molecules onto smooth muscle cells.

What is the purpose of motor nerve varicosities as they relate to smooth muscle?