Minerals

What is sodium/function

cation, major electrolyte, found in blood and extra cellular fluid, regulates blood volume, high NA triggers need for water, hypothalamus stimulates thirst and releases ADH from pituitary gland, coats bones and is in nerve and muscle tissue

Is sodium highly absorbed or highly lost

high absorption

what organ primarily maintains sodium balance

kidneys

what happens when sodium levels are low

aldosterone is released from the adrenal glands, triggers kidneys to reabsorb sodium

what happens when sodium levels are high

adrenal gland stops secreting aldosterone, kidneys secrete excess through urine

How is sodium involved with nerves

sodium transmits nerve impulses and participates in muscle contraction, preserves and adds flavors

Food sources of sodium

77% os from processed salty foods, canned goods, cured meats, 12% is from naturally containing sodium like pickles, bagels, lunchmeat, cottage cheese

Explain sodium toxicitiy

causes hypertension (50% have sodium sensivitiy), sodium sensitivity affects 25% of people, hypernatreamia when dehydrated, too much Na is consumed without water, can cause weight gain

explain sodium deficiency

too much water without electrolytes, headache, muscle weakness, etc

What is chloride/function

ANion, attached to sodium, electrolyte, maintains fluid balance, removes CO2 from blood, keeps blood in normal PH range

Chloride toxicity + defiency

severe dehydration + diahrea, shallow breathing

Chloride food sources

table salt, processed foods, salt substitutes

what is potassium/function

Cation, electrolytes, acts as a buffer, lowers blood pressure, helps with muscle contraction and nerve impulse coonduction, preserves calcium/phosphorus balance reduces kidney stones

food sources of potassium

potatoes, kale, apricots, oatmeal, intracellular (in animal muscles)

explain potassium toxicitiy

hyperkalemia, too much potassium in blood from supplements or salt substitutes, affects heart heath

explain potassium deficiency

hypokalemia, too little blood potassium, risk of hypertension, loss of bone mass, observed in anorexics or bulimics, can cause irregular heart beat

what is calcium/function

divalent cation, most abundant mineral in body, builds strong bones, surface and inside of bones , muscle contraction, nerve contraction, stimulates release of hormones and enzyme, blood dilation and contraction, lowers blood pressure, reduce risk of colon cancer, kidney stones, and obseity

food sources of calcium

orange juice, salmon, tofu, yogurt

explain calcium toxicity

hypercalcemia, constipation, impair absorption of iron

explain calcium deficiency

hypocalcemia, dense bones, osteoporosis and bone fractures

what is phosphorus/functoin

second most abundant, parathyroid hormone regulates phosphorus homeostasis to reabsorb bon and kidney excretion, forms bones and teeth, part of phospholipid, part of ATP and creatine phosphate, part of DNA and RNA

food sources of phosphorus

animals, plant seeds, phosphoric acid, pyrophosphates, polyphosphates, dicalcium phosphates, sodium phosphates, raisin bran, slamon

phosphorus toxicity

hyperphosphatemia, decerases bone mass

phosphorus deficiency

hypophosphatemia, muscle weakness, rickets, etc

what is magnesium/function

fourth most abundant, divalent cation, needed for synthesis of DNA and RNA and body proteins, needed for bone metabolism

food sources for magnesium

spinach, brown rice, peanut butter, almonds

magnesium toxicity

from supplements, purge symptoms

magnesium deficiency

muscle weakness, irregular heart beats

what is sulfate/function

oxidized form of sulfer, part of protein, thiamin, and biotin, part of amino acids methionine and cysteine, prevents spoilage and discoloration in foods, is in wine

food sources of sulfate

meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, dairy, fruits veg, alc

sulfate toxicity

n/a

Osteoporosis

cuases deterioration of the vertebrae, type 1: lowered estrogen levels causes bone loss, type 2: occurs in both men and women due to aging

what are the major minerals

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur