BSC10000 FINAL EXAM

The broadest category in Linnaeus' classification system.

Kingdom

In Canis familiaris, Canis is the ______ of a dog.

Genus

A dead leaf is ________.

Abiotic; nonliving

a

Organisms in this group are so much alike that they can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Same species group

a

If we overuse antibiotics,

Then we run the risk of bacteria becoming resistant

Bacteria fall into this category

Prokaryotes

a

natural selection

organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing those advantageous traits to future generations.

atom

The fundamental unit of matter.

compound

Substance consisting of 2 or more elements combined.

This is the bond connecting the nitrogenous bases together in a molecule of DNA.

Hydrogen bond

Bond formed by sharing electrons.

Covalent bond

Type of bond which holds two amino acids together.

Peptide bond

Strongest type of chemical bond

Covalent bond

ion

An atom which has gained or lost electrons.

Magnesium has atomic number 12, it has __________ electrons in its outer shell.

2

These are positively charged particles found in the nucleus.

Protons

a

The atomic number refers to the number of these in an atom.

Protons

neutron

neutrally charged particles

electrons

The number of these in the outer shell determines an atom's bonding properties.

organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as a primary energy source and structural component in living organisms

Carbohydrates

These compose the oily bilayer in cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Type of cell that contains centrioles to assist in cell division.

Animal cell

Hydrogen and oxygen are in a 2:1 ratio in these molecules.

Water molecules

cell wall, chloroplasts

Plant cells

proteins

DNA controls the synthesis of these molecules in order to control cell divison.

Occurs in the mitochondria.

Cellular respiration

fermentation

a metabolic process in which microorganisms like yeast and bacteria convert carbohydrates into chemical energy without requiring oxygen

ATP

energy

ADP

forms ATP when combined with inorganic phosphate.

aerobic respiration

cells convert glucose into energy using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts

anaerobic respiration

Single-celled decomposers would use this process.

This process makes use of oxygen.

Aerobic respiration

mitochondria

organelles in eukaryotic cells that generate ATP, regulate cellular metabolism

Extremely large in plant cells.

Vacuole

Plasma Membrane

a protective barrier that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and exits while maintaining the cell's internal environment, or a “bouncer”

Final processing of enzymes occurs here.

Golgi apparatus

endoplasmic reticulum

network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that functions as the cell's factory and highway

endosymbiotic theory

The theory which explains why chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA.

Thylakoid membranes compose part of this structure.

Chloroplast

lysosome

cellular digestion and waste management

Nucleus

contains DNA and controls cellular activities

Gelatin-like semisolid material.

Cytoplasm

cell wall

provides protection and structural support

Nucleus

Transcription occurs here.

diffusion

passive movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Specifically refers to the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis

Molecules moving from an area of low concentration to high concentrations; energy required.

Active transport

Transport molecules help move materials across membranes; no energy required by the cell.

Facilitated diffusion

hypertonic solution

a solution with a higher solute concentration than the fluid inside a cell, causing water to move out of the cell by osmosis

Substance with pH above 7.

Base

hypotonic solution

lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside a cell, causing water to move into the cell.

A solution with excess H+.

Acid

same solute concentration as the fluid inside a cell, preventing net water movement and maintaining cell stability.

Isotonic solution

This is an organic catalyst.

Enzyme

active site

The region on an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction, facilitating the conversion of substrates into products.

An inorganic molecule that speeds up chemical reactions.

Catalyst

Substrate

The substance that an enzyme acts upon.

photosynthesis

plants absorb light energy and convert CO2 to O2

a

Light energy splits the water molecule.

Light dependent

ATP energy is generated.

Light dependent

O2 gas is released.

Light dependent

Chromatids line up at center of the cell.

Metaphase

DNA material is replicated.

S phase

Spindle fibers first appear.

Prophase

cytokinesis

The final phase of cell division where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in the formation of two distinct daughter cells.

Theory of evolution through natural selection.

Charles Darwin

Developed laws of heredity.

Gregor Mendel

Linneus

Developed system for binomial nomenclature.

Proposed the model for the structure of DNA molecule.

James Watson and Francis Crick

Nuclear division resulting in the production of diploid cells.

Mitosis

Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.

Crossing over

Synapsis

Occurs when homologous chromosomes line up side-by-side.

These are chromosomes that look alike in size and shape; carry genes for the same trait.

Homologous chromosomes

meiosis

Nuclear division resulting in the production of four monoploid cells.

Union of gametes.

Fertilization

karyotype

visual representation of an individual's chromosomes

Refers to the gene makeup of an organism.

Genotype

Alternate forms of a gene.

Allele

When an organism has two different alleles at a gene locus it is said to be.....

Heterozygous

Outward appearance of an organism.

Phenotype

One member of chromosome pair number 5 is missing a section.

Cri-Du-Chat syndrome

a

Nondisjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate at meiosis.

translation

tRNA molecules are used in this process.

Contains deoxyribose sugar.

DNA

transcription

mRNA is produced.

replication

Two exact DNA molecules are produced.

This molecule contains the genetic code.

DNA

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

a way to make millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence, allowing for amplification and analysis of genetic material.

Method of separating large molecules based on size and electrical charge.

Electrophoresis

Manipulating DNA to suit human needs.

Genetic engineering

a