READING AND WRITING (copy)

Narration

A narrative text contains a plot that provides direction in making a story.

Sequential Presentation

The order in which events are presented is crucial in narration, utilizing signal words to create unified thought and facilitate transitions.

Chronological Order

Helps readers understand the progression of the story.

Description

Involves the use of adjectives and adverbs to enhance the text.

Sensory Language

Uses words to describe how a subject looks, sounds, feels, smells, or tastes.

Objective Description

Provides an impartial and factual representation of the subject, excluding personal biases.

Subjective Description

Offers a personal impression of the observed subject, commonly used in fiction.

Informal Definition

Includes denotation (dictionary meaning) and connotation (secondary meaning shaped by experience).

Formal Definition

Consists of three parts: the Word, Genus (class), and Differentiate (distinguishing features).

Exemplification

Involves a general statement supported by concrete examples to clarify or illustrate an idea.

Classification

Organizes subjects into groups based on shared characteristics.

Comparison and Contrast

Comparison discusses elements that are similar, while contrast discusses elements that are different.

Block Method

A comparison and contrast method that compares or contrasts two subjects one at a time.

Point by Point Method

Addresses elements of one subject before moving to the next in comparison and contrast.

Cause

The reason something happens; answers 'Why did it happen?'

Effect

The outcomes resulting from a cause; answers 'What happened?'

Persuasive Texts

Types include argument, discussion, exposition, review, advertisement, requiring the writer to state the issue clearly.

Organization

The clear, logical, aesthetic structure of a text that includes organizational markers and a coherent flow.

Coherence

Connection and organization of ideas to create unity within a text.

Cohesion

Unifying ideas through linking words and phrases in a text.

Formality

The level of formality in language, based on the relationship between writer and reader.

Jargon

Specialized language used by specific groups; should match the audience's familiarity.

Slang

Informal expressions that don't literally convey their meanings.

Idioms

Expressions with meanings different from the literal interpretation.

Euphemisms

Words that soften or veil the truth.

Mechanics of Writing

Technical aspects such as spelling, punctuation, and capitalization guiding proper word usage.

Claim

Beliefs, arguments, assertions made in a text.

Explicit Claim

A claim that is clearly stated in the text.

Implicit Claim

A claim that is indirectly expressed and requires inference to understand.

Claim of Fact

Describes, predicts, or states facts.

Claim of Policy

Advocates for actions to be taken; also known as Claim of Solution.

Claim of Value

Based on ethics or morality; targets audience emotions, requiring a judgment on the argument's rightness or wrongness.