BIOL 153 Final Lab Practical

Tissue

many similar cells specialized to carry out specific functions

Epithelial Tissue

epithelium, sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands

Types of Epithelial Tissue

• simple - 1 cell layer thick

• stratified - 2 cell layers thick

  • squamous (flat), cuboidal (square), columnar (elongated)

Connective Tissue

binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body. Type of connective tissue dependant on nature of matrix

Types of Connective Tissue

• connective tissue proper

• cartilage

• bone

• blood

Connective tissue proper

support and hold tissues together, matrix = fibers

• loose - skin; loose arrangement of fibers

• dense - tendons, ligaments, dermis; compact fibers

Cartilage

dense connective, matrix = rubbery; chondrocytes (cells) inside lacunae (spaces in matrix)

Ex: nose, ear, larynx

Bone

matrix = rigid; osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae which are connected by canaliculi which connect to Haversian canals

Blood

matrix = fluid (plasma)

• erythrocytes (RBC), no nuclei and contain hemoglobin

• leukocytes (WBC)

• patelets

Types of WBC (in order of most numerous)

• Neutrophils (65-75%)

• Lymphocytes (20-30%)

• Monocytes (4-7%)

• Eosinophils (2-3%)

• Basophils (2-3%)

Muscle Tissue

excitable, responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement.

• cell membrane = sarcolemma

• cytoplasm = sarcoplasm

Types of Muscle Tissue

• skeletal - striated, multinucleated, voluntary movement

• smooth - mononucleated, involuntary movement, no striations; line blood vessels and intestine

• cardiac - striated, mononucleated, involuntary movement, intercalated discs

Nervous Tissue

excitable, allows for the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

Neuron (parts)

• dendrite - short, conducts impulses toward cell body

• axon - long, conduct impulses away from cell body

  • junction of neurons = synapse

Where are plant cells formed (where does primary growth happen)?

meristem (apical meristem is where primary growth takes place)

Root cap

protective cap of cells on tip of root

Where is the zone of cellular divison?

root apical stem

Region of cellular elongation

growth in length of root

Region of cellular maturation

differentiation occurs

Types of plant tissues

• Dermal tissue: composed of epidermal cells, closely packed cells that secrete a waxy cuticle that aids in the prevention of water loss, OUTER LAYER

• Ground tissue: comprises the bulk of the primary plant body. Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells are common in the ground tissue, B/N EPIDERMS AND STELE

• Vascular tissue: transports food, water, hormones and minerals within the plant. Includes xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium cells, CENTER

Monocot vs. Dicot

• monocot - vascular bundles scattered throughout stem

• dicot - vascular bundles in a ring

Parenchyma

generalized plant cell, alive; thin walled and storage

Cholenchyma

uneven thickness, collar

Schlerenchyma

very thick walls; rigid protection

herbaceous

only one growing season for above ground parts

xylem

woody walls of certain cells of plants, conduct water and minerals from roots and leaves; dead

phloem

conduct glucose from leaves and send to rest of the plant; alive at maturity

• companion cells

• sieve cells

companion cells

retain nucleus and control adjacent sieve cells

sieve cells

dissolved food flows through as sucrose

cuticle

thin waxy layer present on upper and lower surfaces of leaf, prevents water loss

upper and lower epidermis

single layer of cells on upper and lower surface of leaf, lack chlorophyll

guard cells

in pairs, between is opening called somata, regulate opening and exchange of water capor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

stomata

opening on outside layer of leaf tissue, facilitate gas exchange between inner parts of leaves, stems, and fruits

respiration

• oxygen is taken from atmosphere then to body cells and consumed

• produces carbon dioxide, delivers to lungs and excretes to atmosphere

Types of respiration

• external - person obtains oxygen from external environment and eleiminates carbon dioxide into external environment

• gas transport - distribute oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide from cells

• internal - chemical reactions of cellular metabolism where oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced

SSVC

single stage vital capacity

FEV

forced expiratory volume

MVV

maximal voluntary ventilation

TV

tidal volume

average of two inhales and two exhales (p-p)

IRV

inspiratory reserve volume

ERV

expiratory reserve volume

RV

residual volume

Default = 1L

IC

inspiratory capacity

IC = TV + IRV

EC

expiratory capacity

EC = TV + ERV

FRC

functional residual capacity

FRC = ERV + RV

TLC

total lung capacity

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

How do bronchodilators affect FEV?

FEV would increase because FEV measurements would be larger (larger airway) and SSVC would stay the same so larger percentages

How would asthma affect MVV?

you would not be able to take as deep of a breath so MVV decreases

Main function of hear is to pump blood through these 2 circuits:

• Pulmonary circuit: through the lungs to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide

• Systemic circuit: to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide

Electrical and mechanical sequence of heartbeat:

1. pacemaker cells start electrical sequence of depolarization and repolarization

2. SA Node generates electrical signal which spreads to ventricular muscle via conducting pathways

3. depolarization signal reaches contractile cells and they contract (SYSTOLE)

4. repolarization reaches myocardial cells and they relax (DIASTOLE)

isoelectric line

a point of departure of the electrical activity of depolarizations and repolarizations of the cardiac cycles and indicates periods when the ECG electrodes did not detect electrical activity

interval

measurement including waves and/or complexes

segment

measurement that does NOT include waves and/or complexes

In the normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract before the ventricles. What measurement in the ECG represents this?

P-R

Which components of the ECG are measured along the isoelectric line?

PR segment, ST segment, TP segment

Which component of the ECG can be used to give us the Beats per Minute (BPM)?

R-R (any peak to peak, just must be on same spot of next cycle)

What is the effect of increasing the duration of the R-R Interval on BPM?

increased R-R means decreased BPM

Negative Feedback vs. Positive Feedback

• negative = returns system to homeostasis by reversing (MOST COMMON IN MAMMALS)

• positive - amplifies and changes to get further from homeostasis (contractions)

Hormones effect on homeostasis?

try to maintain it through targeting and secretion (comes from glands)

What is the purpose of kidneys?

filter toxins out of blood

What ‘methods’ did we use in lab to diagnose kidney diseases?

• urinalysis

• MRI and xray

• Leukocyte and erythrocyte count

Key characteristics of kidney diseases (be able to diagnosis kidney diseases)

• diabetes - glucose in urine

• hypertension - decrealsed volume of urine, protein in urine, extreme thirst

• trauma - lots of Na dn H2O in urine

• Heart failure - edema, difficulty breathing, fatigue, incr BP and decr HR, decr volume and incr frequency of urination

• PKD - cysts on kidney

• dehydration - extreme thirst

• kidney infection - flu like symptoms, need to pee but can’t, burning sensation

• kidney stones - bloody and gritty urine, stones

What were the tests used to conduct hearing tests?

• Rhinne - bone conducting (abnormal) or air conducting (normal) hearing

• Weber - hearing loss

What are the structures of the ear and what task do they perform?

• ear canal - causes ear durm to move by tunneling in vibrations

• eardrum - vibrate and move ossicles

• ossicles - move and cause vibrations to move into inner ear

• cochlea - fluid moves and is detected by hair cells, transformed into electrical impulses

• cranial nerve - send impulses to brain

What are the structures of the eye and what task do they perform?

• corneal - lets light enter eye

• pupil - adjusts to light

• iris - adjusts size of pupil

• lens - focuses light onto retina, gives clear image

• retina - contains rods and cones which transform light into electrical impules

  • rod - low light

  • cones - color vision

• optic nerve - transmits visual info to brain

How do sensory organs turn outside stimulus into messages our brain can interpret?

Nerve connected to receptor turns info into elecctrical impulse