Ecosystem Processes

What are producers?

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis

Write the word and balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis? Where does it occur

Carbon dioxide + water —- Glucose +oxygen

6Co2 + 6h20 —- c6h12o6+ 6o2

Mainly in leaves but some in stems

How do plants get water for photosynthesis?

water moves in though the root hair cell by osmosis

Water is trasported in the xylem vessles

Water evaporates from the stomato

What are the 4 adaptations of a leaf and how does it help with photosynthesis?

1. Green- has lots of chlorophyll to absorb sunlight

2. Broad- A large surface area to absorb sunlight

3. Thin- shorter diffusion pathways

4. Veins- xylem for water and minerals, phloem for the transportation of glucose

How does the top layer of the leaf differ from the top?

1. The top layer is waxy to prevent water loss. It is green as it contains lots of chlorophyll to absorb sunlight. No stomata to reduce water loss

2. The bottom layer is less waxy as there is less chance of water loss at the bottom. it does not contain as much chlorophyll. and has stomata for gas exchange

label the structure of a leaf and the uses

1. Waxy cuticle- Prevents water loss

2. upper eperdermis- protects the main part of the leaf

3. palisade layer- main sight of photophynthesis

4. spongy mesophyll layer

5. Stomata- gasses diffuse in and out carbon dioxide enters and oxygen leaves

What are stomata? How do they work? Why are they not found at the top of a leaf?

1. Tiny whole on the underside of the leaf

2. opened by guard cells, carbon dioxide comes in and oxygen and water diffuse out, open in the day close at night- photosensitive

3. It would increase exposure to wind = water loss

What minerals does a plant need to grow and if they don’t have them what deficiencies can occur?

1. Nitrates- needed to make proteins- poor growth and older leaves will become yellow

2. Phosphates- Healthy roots- Poor growth, younger leaves will look purple

3. potassium-Healthy leaves and flowers- - yellow leaves and dead patches

4. Magnesium- needed to make chlorophyll- leaves will be yellow

How do farmers replace missing minerals

Fertilisers e.g. NPK and manure

What is Chemosynthesis?

Reaction carried out by chemosynthetic bacteria using energy transferred from chemical reactions to produce glucose

Where are chemosynthetic bacteria found and how do they carry out photosynthesis

1. Sulphur bacteria- found near or in volcanic vents:

• When a volcano erupts hydrogen sulphide pours out of the vents

• bacteria convert hydrogen sulphide to glucose

2. Nitrogen bacteria is found in the soil and roots of some plants:

• In the soil nitrogen is used to form ammonia which is converted into nitrates

• bacteria use this to make glucose

What is the difference between chemosynthesis and photosynthesis

	Photosynthesis	Chemosynthesis
Energy	Yes	Yes
Energy source	sunlight	Chemical reactions
Water required	Yes	No
CO2	Yes	Often
Glucose made	Yes	Yes

What is the world and chemical equation of aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen —- carbon dioxide + water

6C6H12O6 + 6O2 —- 6CO2 + 6H20

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

In the microchondria, muscles that require a lot of energy will more mitochondria in them

What is anaerobic respiration? And where does it occur?

When there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration, the body starts respiring anaerobically which and lactic acid is build up is muscles which causes cramps. It occurs in the cytoplasm

What is the oxygen dept?

When your body breathes heavily to take in oxygen to break down the build up of lactic acid

What is the word equation for anerobic repiration?

lactic acid + glucose — carbon dioxide +water

What is fermentation?

When some organisms anaerobically respire to produce co2 and ethanol instead of lactic acid

Why is fermentation usefull?

1. Making bread- co2 is trapped inside making bread rise, ferment carbon dioxide and ethanol evaporates

2. Make beer and wine- beer is used in the fermentation of Bali, in wine the fermentation of sugar

What is a food chain?

Diagram that shows what an organisms wats and energy transfers between organisms

How is energy lost as you go up a food chain?

As energy is transferred along the food chain, some energy is lost through respiration excretion and heat

What is a food web?

A diagram that shoes organisms that eat more than one type of food

What is interdependence?

The way which living organisms depend on each other to survive and grow and reproduce

What is population?

Number of organisms present in a species that live in the same area

What impact does change in the producers and consumers have on food webs?

1. Prodcuers- Affects all the organisms as the producers are the main source of energy

2. Consumenrs- increase or decrease

Explain how are insecticides and other chemicals passed on in a food chain?

1. Farmers use insectaries to protect their crops from insects and an animal may eat that plant of the chemical may be washed away in the rivers

2. Fish and other small organisms absorb these chemicals and store them in their bodies as they are eaten chemicals are passed on the food chain

3. The concentration of the chemicals inside the organisms increase along the food chain as each predator will eat more than 1 prey .This causes the top predator to become ill or die. This is known as bioaccumulation

What is an ecosystem?

the interaction between plants, animals and their habitat in a particular locations

What is co-existence?

Plants and animals living in the habitat at the same time

What is a niche?

A particular place or role and organism has in an ecosystem