Chapter 22:Cloning and Biotechnology (C)

what is another word for natural cloning

vegetative propogation

define vegetative propogation

asexual reproduction where new genetically identical plants develop from non reproductive tissues of a parent plant

what are perenneating organs

organs storing food to help plants survive from season to season during dormancy

what is a tuber an example of

perennating organs

what are the steps of vegetative propogation of a stem cutting

1. take a cutting of a stem using a sharp sterile tool

2. dip the end of the cutting in rooting powder

3. plant the cutting in a suitable growth medium

what are the 3 simplified steps of vegetative propogation

cut dip plant

how would you perform vegetative propogation of a root

make an angled cut before treating it like you would a stem cutting

how would you perform vegetative propogation of a stem

score the veins and place it face down in a growth medium

what are 3 advantages of vegetative propogation

it is fast with a high yeild that maintains quality

what are two weakness of vegetative propogation

decreases genetic variation in offspring and increases susceptibility to disease

what is micropropogation

a technique that uses tissue cultures to produce many identical plant clones

what is tissue culture

the growing of plant tissues in a sterile medium enriched with hormones to stimulate cell division

name the 4 plant structures involved in micropropogation in order

explants calluses plantlets and adult plants

what are the 5 steps of micropropogation

explant collect sterilisation culture development and transfer

what are explants where are they taken from and why is this important

small tissue samples taken from the meristem containing totipotent stem cells

why are explants sterilised

to remove and inhibit growth of contamininats decreasing risk of widespead infections

what does plant growth medium contain

minerals sugars vitamins and growth hormones

what happens in the development stage of micropropogation

explants divide to form a callus which is transferred to a medium to encourage shoot and root formation

what is a callus

an undifferentiated mass of cells

name 2 practical applications of micropropogation

production of disease free crops to conserve endangered plants and mass production of GM plants

what are 2 advantages of micropropogation

it is more space efficient and can be carried out year round

what are 2 weaknesses of micropropogation

it requires skilled technicians is expensive and produces vulnerable plants

what is natural animal cloning

when animals produce genetically identical offspring using asexual reproduction

how does animal cloning occur in invertabrates

form genetically identical offspring from parts of the body that have broken off

how does natural animal cloning occur in vertebrates

early embryo splitting to form identical twins

what are the two types of artificial animal cloning

artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer

what 3 steps are involved in artificial embryo twinning

fertilisation splitting and fermentation

what occurs in the fertilisation stage of artificial embryo twinning

female organism is treated with hormones that are treated with hormones to produce egg cells

what occurs in the splitting stage of artificial embryo twinning

totipotent embryos are split to form individual embryos

what occurs in the implantation stage of artificial embryo twinning

embryos are implanted into the uteruses of surrogate mothers for development

what are the 5 stages of somatic cell nuclear transfer

removal enucleation fusion division implantation

what occurs in the fusion stage of SCNT

a somatic nucleus and enucleated egg cell are fused using electricity

who is the child produced in SCNT a clone of

the somatic cell donor

name 3 applications of animal cloning

medical research conservation and agriculture

what arguments are there in favor of animal cloning

it preserves biodiversity and allows infertile animals to reproduce

what arguments are there against animal cloning(3)

-high costs

-reduced genetic diversity

-ethics of destroying embryos