AP 12- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM REVIEW

Alveoli

tiny, thinned walled sacs which fill up most of lungs, branch off of bronchioles. each sac is surrounded by pulmonary blood capillaries instead of cartilage

breathing

The inspiration and expiration of air

capillary exchange

take place between the blood in the capillaries and the air in the alveoli oxygen diffuse into blood carbon dioxide diffuse into Alveoli

carbonic anhydrase

an enzyme located on the red blood cell

Cellular respiration

production of ATP in cells

carb + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Diaphragm

muscular structure between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

Exhalation

passive phase of breathing:

stretch receptors sent impulses to the medulla oblongata via the vagus nerve. diaphragm, relaxes and domes upwards and intercoastal muscles relax (rib cage moves down) pressure in lungs increases as thoracic volume is decreased, and air is pushed out of the lungs. assisted by elastic recoil of alveoli. exhalation divides into two smaller groups called external and internal.

Hydrogen ions

they combine with haemoglobin to maintain a constant pH in blood- used as a buffer. when combined with haemoglobin it is called, reduced hemoglobin.

Internal respiration

The exchange of gases between blood and systemic capillary and the tissue fluid found in spaces around cells blood entering the systemic capillary is bright red and colour because they contain oxyhemoglobin. Blood contains higher O2 than cells, so O2 diffuse into tissue cells. tissues have higher CO2 than blood, so CO2 diffuses into the blood, 10% of CO2 combines with hemoglobin and forms, carbaminohemoglobin. most of CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid, which then associates to H and HCO3.

Medulla Oblongata

The respiratory center is located here and is stimulated by carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood.

Oxygen

The element that we breathe in.

Pharynx

The passage of way for food and air, connecting mouth and nose, cavities to the trachea and esophagus.

Reduced Hemoglobin

The results of a hydrogen ion combining with hemoglobin. (HHb)

Stretch Receptors

send impulses to the medulla oblongata via the vagus nerve during expiration.

Vocal cords

ligaments that support the larynx. (voice box) they vibrate when air is expelled past them through the glottis, producing sound

Goblet Cells

cells that produce mucus, mucus lines the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Carbonic Acid

forms when hydrogen ion combines with bicarbonate ion

Parietal Pleura

adheres to the rib cage and the diaphragm (outer membrane)

Ribs

bones surrounding your lungs that move up and down with inspiration and expiration

Cancer

a malignant tumor- characterized by uncontrollable growth and ability top invade and spread to other parts of the body.

Benign

type of tumor that is not cancerous

Aortic bodies

Bronchi

Carbaminohemoglobin

Cartilage rings

Cilia

epiglottis

external respiration

Inhalation

Larynx

Mucus

Oxyhemoglobin

Pleural membrane

Respiratory tract

Thoratic cavity

Expiration

Tissue Fluid

Spirometer

Visceral pleura

Heme group

pH

Malignant

bicarbonate ions

Bronchioles

Carbon dioxide

Inspiration

Hb

Esophagus

Hemoglobin

Intercostal muscles

lungs

nasal cavity

lipoprotein

Pulmonary capillaries

Systemic capillaries

Trachea

Tonsils

Carbon Monoxide

Vagus nerve

Phrenic nerve

Binding capacity

tumor

Metastatic cancer