fluid volume

Hypovolemia

Condition of low fluid volume in the body.

Cardiovascular signs of hypovolemia

Thready pulse, increased pulse rate, decreased blood pressure, flat neck and hand veins, diminished peripheral pulses.

Respiratory signs of hypovolemia

Increased respiratory rate and depth, dyspnea.

Neuromuscular signs of hypovolemia

Decreased CNS activity, ranging from lethargy to coma, skeletal muscle weakness.

Renal signs of hypovolemia

Decreased urine output.

Integumentary signs of hypovolemia

Dry skin, poor turgor, tenting, dry mouth.

Gastrointestinal signs of hypovolemia

Decreased motility, diminished bowel sounds, constipation, thirst.

Serum lab findings in hypovolemia

Increased serum osmolality, increased hematocrit, increased BUN, increased serum sodium, increased urinary specific gravity.

Hypervolemia

Condition of high fluid volume in the body.

Cardiovascular signs of hypervolemia

Bounding pulse, elevated blood pressure, distended neck and hand veins.

Respiratory signs of hypervolemia

Increased respiratory rate, dyspnea, moist crackles on auscultation.

Neuromuscular signs of hypervolemia

Altered level of consciousness, headache, visual disturbances.

Renal signs of hypervolemia

Increased urine output if kidneys cannot compensate, decreased output if kidney damage occurs.

Integumentary signs of hypervolemia

Pitting edema, pale cool skin.

Gastrointestinal signs of hypervolemia

Increased motility, diarrhea, increased body weight, liver enlargement, ascites.

Serum lab findings in hypervolemia

Decreased serum osmolality, decreased hematocrit, decreased BUN, decreased serum sodium, decreased urine specific gravity.