fluid volume

Fluid Volume

Deficit

"HypOvolemia"

(Low fluid volume)

25%

Cardiovascular

• Thready, increased pulse rate, decreased blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension, flat neck and hand in veins in dependent positions, diminished peripheral pulses, decreased central venous pressure, dysrhythmias

Respiratory

  • Increased rate and depth of respirations, dyspnea

  • Neuromuscular

  • Decreased central nervous system activity, from lethargy to coma, fever, depending on the amount of fluid loss, skeletal muscle weakness

Renal

• Decreased urine output

Integumentary

• Dry skin, poor turgor, tenting, dry mouth

Gastrointestinal

• Decreased motility and diminished bowel sounds, constipation, thirst, decreased body weight

Serum Blood Lab Findings

  • Increased serum osmolality, increased hematocrit

  • Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

  • Increased serum sodium level

  • Increased urinary specific gravity

Memory Trick:

  • If Osmolality is HIGH = Body is DRY

  • If Specific gravity is HIGH = Body is DRY

Fluid Volume

Excess

"Hypervolemia"

(High fluid volume)

Cardiovascular

• Bouding, increased pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, distended neck and hand veins, elevated central venous pressure, dysrhythmias

Respiratory

• Increased respiratory rate (shallow respirations), dyspnea, moist crackles on auscultation

Neuromuscular

• Altered level of consciousness, headache, visual disturbances, skeletal muscle weakness, paresthesias

Renal & Urinary

  • Increased urine output if kidneys cannot compensate

  • Decreased urine output if kidney damage is the cause

Integumentary

• Pitting edema in independent areas, pale cool skin

Gastrointestinal

  • Increased motility in gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea

  • Increased body weight, liver enlargement, ascites

Serum Blood Lab Findings

  • Decreased serum osmolality, decreased hematocrit, decreased BUN level

  • Decreased serum sodium level

  • Decreased urine specific gravity

Memory Trick:

  • If Osmolality is Low -Body is Liquidy

  • If Specific gravity is Low = Body is Liquidy