Electrolytes Lecture Quiz

Which hormone increases K+ concentration in the urine?

Aldosterone

The main determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cellular volume is

Potassium

During alkalosis, skeletal muscles have _______ activity

Increased

Dehydration (negative water balance). Osmolarity of bodily fluids will be

Hypertonic

This hormone increases H2O reabsorption without increasing Na+ reabsorption

ADH

Overhydration (water intoxication). Osmolarity of bodily fluids will be

Hypotonic

When BP rises, the hormone _______ rises

Natriuretic peptide

Hypotonic urine occurs with

Hyposecretion of ADH

Which of the following can cause rapid onset of hyperkalemia

Hemolytic disease

Internal or external bleeding creates hypovolemia. Osmolarity of bodily fluids will be

Isotonic

Which of the following cause hypocalcemia

Hypoparathyroidism

Where is Na+ highest

ECF

Which of these is within the normal pH range for blood

7.4

Which of the following is the most important buffer system in the human body

Bicarbonate

Slow, but fully restorative pH adjustments are made by the

Urinary system

Hypoventilation causes

Respiratory acidosis

A chemical that prevents rapid change in pH is called a

buffer

Which of these is outside the normal pH range for urine 8.3

Which of the following causes hypokalemia

Sweating

Which of these is a cause of slow onset hyperkalemia

Renal failure

Where is K+ highest

ICF

Rapid pH adjustments are made by the

Respiratory system

During acidosis, the Hb-O2 curve shifts to the

right

Where is Ca++ highest

ECF

During acidosis of the CSF

Coma is possible

During alkalosis, the Hb-O2 curve shifts to the

left

Which of the following leads to muscle weakness

Hypokalemia

During respiratory compensation for acidosis

Ventilation increases

Which of these approximates obligatory water loss in mL/day

400-500

Which of these approximates obligatory water loss in L/day

0.5

Which of the following causes metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting

Overhydration (hypotonic hydration/water intoxication) may be caused by

ADH hypersecretion

Na+ retention leads to

Hypertension

Which of the following causes metabolic acidosis

Severe diarrhea

The greatest % of body’s water is in the

Intracellular fluid

Which of the following leads to muscle weakness

Hypercalcemia

During renal compensation for acidosis

H+ secretion increases

Which of the following causes hypercalcemia

Hyperparathyroidism

Edema means fluid accumulation in the

Interstitial fluid

Which of these causes respiratory acidosis

Pneumonia

Where is ADH released

Posterior pituitary of hypothalamus

What does ADH do

Increase water reabsorption in kidneys, decreases urine

What does RAAS do

Stimulated when BP drops, causes vasoconstriction, Na+ retention, water retention, and increases BP

Where is Aldosterone released

Adrenal cortex

What does Aldosterone do

Increase Na+ reabsorption, water follows sodium, Increases blood volume

Why is Natriuretic Peptides

Released when BP is too high

What does Natriuretic Peptides do

Increase Na+ excretion, increase urine output, decrease BP

What decreases Calcium

Calcitonin

What increases Calcium

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Why does Caffeine cause urination

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption and water follows sodium

Why does Alcohol causes urination

Inhibits ADH → less water reabsorbed

What is Hypernatremia

Sodium imbalance caused by IV saline, causes water retention, hypertension, and edema

What is Hyponatremia

Sodium imbalance caused by sweating or only drinking water, causes diluted electrolytes and neurological problems

What is Hyperkalemia

Potassium imbalance

What is rapid hyperkalemia caused by

Crush injury and hemolysis, leads to possible cardiac arrest and excitable cells

What is slow hyperkalemia caused by

Renal failure and low aldosterone, leads to less excitable cells

What is Hypokalemia

Potassium imbalance caused by vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, laxatives, aldosterone excess

What results from Hypokalemia

Hyperpolarization, muscle weakness, arrhythmias

What is hypercalcemia

Calcium imbalance caused by hyperparathyroidism and alkalosis, leads to decreased nerve excitability, muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias

What is Hypocalcemia

Calcium imbalance caused by Vitamin D deficiency, pregnancy, and hypoparathyroidism, leads to increased nerve excitability, tetany, and death

What causes metabolic acidosis

lactic acid, keto acids, renal failure, diarrhea

What causes metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting (loss of stomach acid), antacids, alkaline foods

What causes respiratory acidosis

Hypoventilation, CO2 builds up

What causes respiratory alkalosis

Hyperventilation, CO2 decreases

How to compensate for metabolic acidosis

Increase breathing to remove CO2

How to compensate for metabolic alkalosis

Decrease breathing, retain CO2

How do kidneys regulate pH

By controlling H+ secretion and reabsorbing bicarbonate

What is the range for urine pH

4.5-8.2