ARTH Final

Name: Lamentation

Time: 1305

Importance: pioneering human emotion and three-dimensional depth, transitioning art from stiff Byzantine styles to the naturalism of the Renaissance.

Name: Tribute Money

Time: 1425

Importance: pioneering linear perspective, atmospheric depth, and realistic, anatomical human forms.

Name: Sacrifice of Issac

Time: 1401

Importance: defining the Baroque style through extreme emotional realism, dramatic chiaroscuro (light/dark contrast).

Name: David

Time:1450

Importance: first unsupported, free-standing, life-sized statue created since antiquity, marking a major departure from medieval Gothic traditions toward Renaissance humanism.

Name: Church of Sant’Andrea in Mantua

Time: 1470

Importance: it perfectly synthesized classical Roman principles—specifically the Arch of Trajan—into a Christian church design; introduced the "giant order" of pilasters and established a new, grand, and logically proportioned model for churches.

Name: Last Supper

Time: 1495

Importance: pivotal transition into the High Renaissance by replacing static, symbolic religious art with dramatic psychological realism and masterful linear perspective.

Name: Philosophy (School of Athens)

Time: 1510

Importance: perfectly synthesizes High Renaissance technical mastery—linear perspective, balanced composition, and realism—with the era’s core humanist focus on classical philosophy

Name: David

Time: 1501

Importance: represents the shift toward appreciating human potential and the individual, focusing on intellectual strength and rational thought rather than just divine power

Name: The Creation of Adam and The Fall of Man

Time: 1510

Importance: epitomize High Renaissance mastery, blending theological narrative with humanistic anatomical accuracy.

atmospheric perspective

technique used in art and photography to create the illusion of depth and distance by mimicking how the atmosphere affects the appearance of objects.

linear perspective (a.k.a. one-point perspective)

creates the illusion of 3D depth on a 2D surface by using a single vanishing point on a horizon line where parallel lines (orthogonals) appear to converge.

chiaroscuro

use of strong, dramatic contrasts between light and shadow to create volume, depth, and moody atmosphere.

Name: Portrait of the Yongle Emperor

Time: 1405

Importance: . It showcased a new, idealized, and authoritative image of the ruler, which influenced subsequent imperial portraits and reflected the cultural prosperity of the era.

Name:

Hall of Supreme Harmony

Time: 1410

Importance: embodies the ultimate expression of imperial Chinese power and architectural harmony.

Name: The Garden of the Inept Administrator

Time: 1551

Importance: Its significance lies in its reflection of the "literati" ideals of reclusion, intellectual leisure, and harmonious, symbolic integration of architecture with nature

Name: The Abduction of Helen

Time: 1625

Importance: blending a European mythological subject with Chinese craftsmanship.

Name: Journey to Shu

Time: 1600

Importance: exemplifies the "blue-and-green" landscape style of the Tang dynasty; traditional Chinese landscape painting

Name: Vase in Meiping Shape with Daoist Immortal Zhongli Quan

Time: late 15th century

Importance: represents the fusion of high-quality, elegant ceramic production with religious Daoist themes

Name: Jug with Portuguese coat of arms

Time: 1520

Importance: marks the very dawn of global East-West trade

Daoism

ancient Chinese philosophy and religion emphasizing harmony with the Dao—the natural, "way" of the universe.

Name: The Martyrdom of St. Lawrence

Time: 1565

Importance: A late ressinance work of the counter-reformation period; Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

intense dramatic, emotional, and technical advancements.

Name: The Calling of St. Matthew

Time: 1600

Importance: Art technique used was tenebrism (a dramatic 17th-century painting style, associated with Caravaggio, characterized by violent contrasts of light and dark, where darkness is the dominant feature). This technique revolutionizing religious art through dramatic, gritty realism and innovative lighting

Name: The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Time: 1650

Importance: defining masterpiece of Baroque art, crucial for transforming religious sculpture into a dramatic, emotional, and theatrical experience.

Name: Las Meninas

Time: 1656

Importance: revolutionized pictorial space, elevated the status of the artist, and blurred the lines between reality and illusion; think about the mirror in the background.

Name: Elevation of the cross

Time: 1610

Importance: a defining masterpiece that introduced the Italian Baroque style to Northern Europe; painting departs from the balanced, calm compositions of the Renaissance. Instead, it uses a dramatic diagonal line to draw the eye toward the strained, muscular effort of raising Christ, creating high tension and emotional agony.

Name: Louis XIV

Time: 1701

Importance: political importance; sun king; showcase of wealth and status.

Name: Virgin of Guadalupe

Time: 1550

Importance: appeared in front of Juan Diego and told him to request a shrine built for her; very big figure in Mexcian/ catholic culture.

Name: Biombo with the Conquest of Mexico City and View of Mexico City,

Time: late 17th century

Importance: Art displayed in a biombo (folded up wall); significant in colonial Mexico (New Spain) as luxury, functional art that embodied early global trade, blending Japanese, European, and Indigenous artistic traditions; high status.

Reformation/Counter-Reformation

permanently breaking European religious unity, igniting massive cultural shifts, and fueling intellectual change; long lasting religious wars.

Council of Trent

addressed corruption, standardized rituals, and solidified Catholic theology against Protestant challenges, effectively launching the Counter-Reformation.

baroque

"a rough or imperfect pearl"; carried a negative, derogatory connotation, often used to describe something "bizarre,"

Name: The Great Mosque of Djenné

Time: 1200; rebuilt in 1907

Importance: the world's largest mud-brick building and the premier example of Sudano-Sahelian architecture. Completed in 1907, it represents a centuries-old tradition of community-led, sustainable construction, as it is meticulously re-plastered annually by local residents.

Name: Wall and tower from the great enclosure,

Time: 14th century

Importance: vital political and spiritual hub, symbolizing the divine authority, wealth, and agricultural prosperity of the kingdom

Name: Shrine Head from the Kingdom of Ife

Time: 13th century

Importance: represent members of the royal family and were placed inside the royal palace. Sacrifices and offerings were made to dead ancestors.

Name: Pair of Diviner’s Figures, Baule peoples

Time: 19th century

Importance: embody baule idea of beauty; diviners had a purpose to connect them to the spirits (asye usu).

Name: Head of an Oba,

Time: 16th century

Importance: trace origins back to a ruling dynasty in the 14th century; passed on from firstborns son. acted as a vessel through which the late kind gave his powers to the new king.

Name: Queen mother pendant mask

Time: 16th century

Importance: in honor of his mother after her death. He probably wore it in annual ceremonies commemorating the death of his mother; figures on top

Name: Lidded saltcellar,

Time: 15th century

Importance: a premier example of early globalization and artistic hybridization; african ivory was called white gold.

lost-wax casting

ancient, precise metal-casting technique that creates detailed metal duplicates.

oba

king/ruler, serving as a crucial spiritual, cultural, and political leader.

Name: Pilgrimage to Cythera,

Time: 1717

Importance: establishing the Rococo art style and the fête galante (courtship party) genre, prioritizing emotional delicacy, fantasy, and leisurely aristocratic life over rigid historical or religious themes

Name: The swing

Time: 1767

Importance: masterpiece of Rococo art (light-hearted, ornate style of painting, decoration, and architecture that emerged in France during the 1730s as a reaction against formal Baroque art).

Name: A Rake’s Progress (tavern scene)

Time: 1735

Importance: pioneering modern moral narratives through sequential art.

Name: A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery

Time: 1765

Importance: elevating scientific, empirical study to the dramatic status previously reserved for historical or religious art.

Name: Piazza San Marco (Venice),

Time: Late 1720’s

Importance: tourism; the grand tour!!!

Name: Theseus and the Minotaur

Time: 1782

Importance: broke from the tradition of copying antique art by showcasing a new, original style that synthesized realistic anatomical detail with idealized classical beauty

Name: The Oath of the Horatii,

Time: 1784

Importance: seminal Neoclassical masterpiece that defined the aesthetic and political tone of its time, acting as a direct, rational, and patriotic call to civic duty just before the French Revolution.

Name: Self-Portrait with Two Pupils

Time: 1783

Importance: showcase women in art!

Name: The Third of May,

Time: 1808

Importance: transformed art history by replacing idealized, heroic war scenes with raw, emotional realism, depicting victims instead of victors, and influencing modern art styles like Expressionism.

Name: The Hay Wain

Time: 1821

Importance: importance lies in its radical naturalism, pioneering light techniques, and its role in influencing the later French Impressionist movement.

Name: The Slave Ship

Time: 1840

Importance: Romantic masterpiece that directly confronted the brutality of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and served as a potent, emotional call for global abolition.

Name: The Stone Breakers

Time: 1849

Importance: Showed poor people/ working class instead of fancy rich wealthy.

Name: The Gleaners

Time: 1857

Importance: elevating rural poverty to the level of high art and highlighting social stratification

Name: A Harvest of Death

Time: 1863

Importance: shifted war imagery from romanticized, heroic depictions to a stark, realistic, and sobering portrayal of human loss.

Name: Saint-Lazare Train Station

Time: 1877

Importance: The scenes perfectly matched the Impressionist need to capture fleeting, transient moments using loose, quick brushstrokes to portray movement and smoke

Name: Bar at the Folies-Bergère

Time: 1882

Importance: challenged objective perspective through a distorted mirror reflection

Name: The Bath

Time: 1892

Importance: merging Impressionist techniques with Japanese-inspired compositions to elevate the domestic lives of women and children to a serious, modern artistic subject.

Daguerrotype

the first publicly announced photographic process, introduced in 1839 by Louis Daguerre, which produces a highly detailed, unique image on a silver-plated copper sheet.

Salon (in the art-historical sense)

official public exhibition of art sponsored by the French Académie des Beaux-Arts (Academy of Fine Arts) in Paris

modernism (in the art-historical sense)

art-historical movement that rejected traditional academic conventions in favor of experimentation, abstraction, and new materials

en plein air

a French expression meaning "in the open air," referring to the act of painting or drawing on-site outdoors to capture the immediate, fleeting qualities of light, atmosphere, and landscape

Name: Night Café

Time: 1888

Importance: significant for pioneering the use of "arbitrary" or "suggestive" color to express raw human emotion rather than reality.

Name: Luxe, Calme et Volupté

Time: 1904

Importance: foundational bridge between Neo-Impressionism and the birth of Fauvism, marking the artist's shift toward using color for emotional expression rather than realistic depiction.

Name: Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

Time: 1907

Importance: shattering traditional Western art conventions, effectively launching the Cubist movement, and paving the way for 20th-century modern art.

Name: Violin and Palette

Time: 1909

Importance: key example of the radical reinterpretation of form, space, and color

Name: Fountain,

Time: 1917

Importance: redefined art from a craft-based activity to a conceptual one. READYMADE ART!

Name: Object

Time: 1936

Importance: transforming a mundane domestic item into an unsettling, eroticized, and iconic artwork that challenged gender roles, functionality, and the senses

Name: The Two Fridas

Time: 1939

Importance: double self-portrait exploring her dual identity, heartbreak, and cultural conflicts following her divorce from Diego Rivera.

Name: Rural Schoolteacher

Time: 1923

Importance: significant for promoting post-Revolutionary ideals, glorifying rural education and laborers

analytic vs. synthetic cubism

the first broke down subjects into complex, monochromatic, and fragmented planes, while the second reassembled shapes using brighter colors, simpler forms, and collage techniques to represent reality