Lipids and Carbohydrate Test

What is an organic molecules?

Any molecule with carbon and hydrogen atoms

4 types of organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Basic chemical formula for a Carbohydrate

CH2O

Isomers (definition + examples)

Molecules with the same chemical formula but a different structure

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose and Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose

Molecules with the same chemical formula but a different structure

Isomers

Monosaccharide (definition + 3 examples + general chemical formula)

Carbohydrate monomers also known as simple sugars

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

C6H12O6

Carbohydrate monomers also known as simple sugars. 6 and 5 Carbon sugars.

Monosaccharides

When you combine/link 2 molecules, you ______

Lose a water molecule

When you separate 2 molecules, you _______

Add a water molecule

Disaccharide (Definition + 3 examples + General Chemical Formula)

Two linked monomers also known as double sugars

Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose

C12H22O11

Where is Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose found? They are a ___

In blood sugar and plants (photosynthesis), In fruits and veggies, Found in milk.

monosaccharide

Where is Lactose, Sucrose, and Maltose found? What monomers are they made of? They are a ____

Found in milk, Table Sugar (sugarcane), Malt Plant

Galactose + Glucose, Glucose + Fructose, Glucose + Glucose

Disaccharide

Lactose Intolerant (Definition + Why)

Condition where you cab’t digest lactose because you are missing the enzyme lactase

What does synthesis mean?

building

Polysaccharides (Definition + 4 examples)

Many monosaccharides linked together. Carbohydrate polymer

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Many monosaccharides linked together. Carbohydrate polymer

Polysaccharides

Starch definition

Stored glucose in plants. Many glucose molecules chained together made by plants. All alpha glucose and alpha glucose linkage

Glycogen definition (what glucose and what glucose linkage?)

Stored glucose in animals. Many glucose molecules chained together made by animals. All alpha glucose and alpha glucose linkage

Cellulose definition

Many glucose molecules chained together that lines the cell walls of plants. All beta glucose and beta glucose linkage.

Chitin definition

Many modified glucose molecules changed together that lines the cell walls of fungi. All beta glucose linkage.

Dehydration Synthesis

Chemical reaction that builds/synthesizes a larger molecule by removing a water molecule

Chemical reaction that builds/synthesizes a larger molecule by removing a water molecule

Dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis

Chemical reaction that breaks down a molecule by adding a water molecule

Chemical reaction that breaks down a molecule by adding a water molecule

Hydrolysis

Enzymes

Organic molecules that speed up chemical reactions

Catalyst

Substances that speed up chemical reactions

Substances that speed up chemical reactions

Catalyst

Organic molecules that speed up chemical reactions

Enzyme

All enzymes end in ___

ase

Two types of enzymes (definition + example)

Hydrolase: Type of enzyme that help break down molecules by breaking bonds. Lactase

Synthase: Type of enzyme that help build larger molecules by creating bonds. ATP synthase

Glucose forms a ___ in ____

Ring, Water

What type of glucose is this?

Alpha Glucose

What type of glucose is this?

Beta Glucose

List the carbons from CARBON 6 to CARBON 1

EBFDAC

Humans can’t digest chains of ___ glucose, but they can digest chains of ___ glucose because they have the right ____ for it but don’t for the ____ glucose

beta, alpha, enzyme, beta

What linkage/glycosidic bond is this?

Alpha 1-4 glucose linkage

What linkage/glycosidic bond is this?

Beta 1-4 glucose linkage

Draw an alpha and beta 1-4 glucose linkage/glycosidic bond

DRAW

Draw an alpha and a beta glucose

Draw2

Provide 1 example of a carb with alpha and beta 1-4 glucose linkage/glycosidic bond

Maltose, Cellobiose

What produces most enzymes?

bacteria

4 types of lipids

triglyceride, phospholipid, steroids, waxes

Triglyceride

4 functions and what it is made of

Insulation, padding, storing fat soluble vitamins, long term energy storage. Made of 3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol

DEFINE and GIVE EXAMPLES OF:

Fat soluble vitamin, Water soluble vitamin.

Vitamins that dissolve in fat (A,D,E)

Vitamins that dissolve in water (B,C)

TERM FOR:

Vitamins that dissolve in fat (A,D,E)

Vitamins that dissolve in water (B,C)

Fat soluble vitamin, Water soluble vitamin.

How do you get ride of water soluble vitamins?

urine

Polar or Non Polar:
Triglyceride, Fatty Acid, Glycerol, Phosphate Group

What makes a molecule polar?

Non polar, Non Polar, Polar, Polar. When It contains a lot of oxygen.

Phospholipid
function, what it is made of

Makes up the cell membrane. Made of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acid, and 1 phosphate group.

Function of cell membrane?

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Define, polar or non-polar, provide chemical formulas:

Glycerol, Fatty Acid, Phosphate Group

3 Carbon compound with 3 hydroxyl groups. C3H8O3. Polar.
Long Hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. C6H12O2. Non Polar
The polar head of phospholipid. Polar. pO4^-3

Draw glycerol and fatty acid bonding together to create a triglyceride (Include before and after). Label the carboxyl, hydroxyl, and ester groups.

Image

Draw a glycerol and fatty acid molecule. Label the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups

Image

Define

Saturated Fatty Acid and Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Fatty acid where there are only carbon-carbon single bonds and the carbon is completely filled with hydrogen.
Fatty acid where there is 1 or more carbon-carbon double bond and the carbon is not completely filled with hydrogen

Term for… Fatty acid where there are only carbon-carbon single bonds and the carbon is completely filled with hydrogen.

Saturated Fatty Acid

Term for… Fatty acid where there is 1 or more carbon-carbon double bond and the carbon is not completely filled with hydrogen

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Define polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acid with 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acid with 1 carbon-carbon double bond

4 facts about saturated triglyceride

4 facts about unsaturated triglyceride

Solid at room temperature (higher melting point), contains saturated fatty acid, from animals/meat, causes decreased blood flow.

Liquid at room temperature (lower melting point), has 1+ unsaturated fatty acid, from plant seeds and fruits, doesn’t cause decreased blood flow

2 Examples of…
saturated fat
monounsaturated fat
polyunsaturated fat
omega 3

Butter, Cream
Olive oil, Avocados
Sunflower oil, Sunflower seeds
Samon, Chia Seed

Explain how oxygen connects to polarity

Oxygen is very electronegative, so it makes molecules it is in polar/hydrophilic.

Lipids are (Non Polar OR Polar) because ______

Non Polar, It has few oxygen

What do the “lines” represent?

A pair of shared electrons (covalent bond)

Carbon needs XXX lines/bond
Oxygen needs XXX lines/bonds
Hydrogen needs XXX lines/bonds
Nitrogen needs XXX lines/bonds

4,2,1,3

Draw ester bond/group, carboxyl bond/group, and hydroxyl bond/group.

Draw

What is A, B, C, D, E?

Phosphate group, Glycerol, Fatty Acid, Non Polar, Polar

Write the GENERAL formula for…

• (Unsaturated) Carboxyl Group

• (Unsaturated) Hydrocarbon Chain

• Unsaturated fatty acid

CO₂H
C_nH_2n+1
C_nH_2n+1CO₂H

Practice:

Is this fatty acid saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated? How many carbon-carbon double bonds does it have?

C₁₃H₂₇CO₂H

C₁₁H₂₁CO₂H

C₁₁H₁₇CO₂H

Saturated 0, Monounsaturated 1, Polyunsaturated 3

How is trans fat created? What does it do?

When an unsaturated fat gets partially hydrogenated into a partially saturated fat to prolong shelf life, it creates trans fat. It lowers HDL and raises LDL

Draw a trans fat and a regular unsaturated fat

Draw

Process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats to turn it into saturated fat.

Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation

Process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats to turn it into saturated fat.

Another name for Triglyceride

Neutral Fat

3 types of steroids with examples and/or definitions for every example

Cholesterol: Most important steroid. Building blocks for other steroids.

Hormones:
- Estrogen and Progesterone: Female Sex Hormone
- Testosterone: Male Sex Hormone
- Vitamin D: Hormone
- Cortisol: Family of anti inflammation hormones

Bile: Emulsifies/breaks up fats and speeds up digestion

Basic steroid structure

Composed of 4 carbon rings, 3 6-carbon rings and 1 5-carbon ring

Cholesterol

Most important steroid. Building blocks for other steroids.

Most important steroid. Building blocks for other steroids.

Cholesterol

Hollow space in the artery where blood flows

Lumen

Lumen

Hollow space in artery where blood flows

Explain how cholesterol causes heart attacks

When cholesterol is traveling through the artery lumen, extra cholesterol goes into the lining of the artery wall. The build up of this can cause reduced blood flow (clogged arteries). When arteries to the heart gets clogged, restricting blood flow to the heart, a heart attack will occur.

Plaque

Substance that clogs the arteries made of cholesterol and fat

Substance that clogs the arteries made of cholesterol and fat

Plaque

What part of the body produces cholesterol?

Liver

Lipid profile

A cholesterol test that measures the the amount of LDL, HDL, and triglyceride

A cholesterol test that measures the the amount of LDL, HDL, and triglyceride

Lipid Profile

Normal cholesterol level (include units)

170-210 milligrams per deciliter

LDL (Definition + Why it is good/bad)

Low density Lipoprotein. It is bad cholesterol because it drops into the lining of the artery wall.

HDL (Definition + Why it is good/bad)

High density lipoprotein. It is good because it picks up extra cholesterol in the arteries and transports it back to the liver (garbage truck)

Good cholesterol. Is good because it picks up extra cholesterol in the arteries and transports it back to the liver (garbage truck)

HDL

Bad cholesterol. It is bad cholesterol because it drops into the lining of the artery wall.

LDL

Waxes

A long chain of fatty acid connected to a long chain of alcohol

A long chain of fatty acid connected to a long chain of alcohol

Waxes

3 examples of waxes (include who uses it and function)

Humans produce earwax to keep moisturized and to remove dirt
Bess produce beeswax to store honey
Plants produce wax coating to prevent water loss

Photosynthesis formula

6CO₂ (carbon dioxide) + 6H₂O (water) —-(light and chlorophyll)—-> C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6O₂ (oxygen)

Monomer for Carbohydrate and Lipid

Monosaccharide and glycerol/fatty acid

What elements are in…

Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide, Triglyceride, Phospholipid, Steroid, Waxes

CHO, CHO, CHO, CHO, CHOP, CHO, CHO

Dimer

two monomers linked together through dehydration synthesis

two monomers linked together through dehydration synthesis

dimer

monomer

A single, basic unit that is the building block for more complex molecules (polymers).

A single, basic unit that is the building block for more complex molecules (polymers).

monomer

polymer

A long chain of many monomers

A long chain of many monomers

polymer