AP World Unit 1

State building around the world, changes and continuities in religion, culture, and other stuff

The main dynasty during 1200-1450 in china

Song Dynasty

philosophical system used by the Song

Confucianism (noconfucianism)

Core ideas of confucianism

filial piety, harmony, hierarchical society

when was the revival of confucianism

during Tang Dynasty, carried into the Song dynasty (historical continuity)

status of women in Song China

no legal rights, no property rights, foot binding

Bureaucracy

governmental entity that carries out the will of the emperor

how did the song keep control

Bureaucracy, used officials fanned out across the dynasty

civil service exam

exam based on confucianism that would allow men to participate in the bureaucracy. The most qualified men were used in government as a result, however only the rich were able to study for this, so in reality it wasn’t fair

China’s cultural influence on korea

tributery relationship, forceful

Korea also adopted: civil service exam, confucianism, marginalizing women

China’s cultural influence on Japan

voluntary bc thye were not threatened by the chinese like the koreans were

imperial bureaucracy, confucianism

China’s cultural influence on Vietnam

tributary system

confucianism, buddhism, literary things, civil service exam

however women are not as marginalized (no foot binding, female buddha)

Four Noble Truths (Buddhism)

life is suffeer

we sufer bc we crave

no crave= no suffer

Eightfold path helps no suffer or crave

Eightfold path

a practical guide to end suffering and achieve nirvana.

meditating and peaceful stuff

types of buddhism

theravada, mahayana, tibetan

Theravada Buddhism

1. Escaping the cycle of birth and death

2. Restricted to monks and only available to a few

Mahayana buddhism

1. Buddhism available to all

2. Compassion

3. The buddha is an object of devolution

Tibetan buddhism

1. Mystical practices

2. Lying prostrate and imaginings of deities

although the song dynasty made it their policy to emphasize more traditional chinese ideas like confucianism

buddhism continued to play a significant role in society

proof of prosperity in song

1. Commercialization: sold excess goods

2. Use of paper money and credit

3. Iron and steel production

4. Agriculture innovation:

5. Transportation expansion

Transportation expansion in song

expansion of grand canal, linked rivers, expand trade

Agriculture innovation in song

1. Champa rice: came from vietnam

2. Drought resistant, multiple harvests

3. Population explosion

Dar-Al-Islam

house of islam, regions under Muslim sovereignty where Islamic law prevails.

Judaism

1. Originated in middle east

2. Monotheistic

3. Ethnic religion fo the jews

Christianity

1. Established by the jewish prophet jesus christ

2. Jesus claimed to be the messiah

3. After his crucifixion, they spread his ideas

4. The roman empire adopted christianity

Islam

1. Founded by prophet muhammed

2. Muhammad taught his followers that salvation would be found in righteous actions like almsgiving, prayer, and fasting

3. Dar-al-islam is the house of islam (all the places that islam spread to)

4. Muhammed was a merchant

why did the Islamic states became more prosperous than the Christian states

Because Muhammed was a merchant and bc Christianity doesn’t believe in accumulating wealth

Abbasid Caliphate

Founded in the 8th century, ethnically arab, in power during golden age of islam

which types of people came to power after fall of abbasid caliphate

turkic people (not arab)

Seljuk empire

1. One of the Turkic states that rose after abbasid

2. Central asia

3. Brought in my the abbasids, but became more powerful

4. In the end, the Abbasid caliphs were still in power and claimed to speak for all of islam but the seljuks still had political power

Mamluk sultanate

egypt, Enslaved mamluks seized power, giving rise to another turkic state

Moral of the story: if you don't want turkics gaining control, stop bringing them into ur empire

Delhi Sultanate

1. South asia (near india)

2. MAIN POINT: as the arab muslim empires, like the abbasid declines, new muslim empires made of turkic peoples were on the rise BIG CHANGE

continuity in muslim empires

1. Military in charge of administration

2. Implemented sharia law

   1. Code of laws in Quran

spread of islam

Military expansion (delhi), merchant activity (trade, swahili), Muslim missionaries (sufism)

Sufism

mystical, inward dimension of Islam focused on purifying the heart, experiencing direct love of God, and achieving spiritual excellence

available to ALL

math in dar-al-islam

1. Nasir al-din al-tusi

2. Help understand astronomy, helped copernicus

House of wisdom

1. Massive library established in baghdad during golden age of islam

2. Religion and natural society

3. Preserve plato and aristotle

   1. Translated them into arabic

   2. Extensive commentaries

Hinduism

Dominant in India for a while, Reunite soul to the all pervasive world soul known as Brahman (recincarnation), promotes caste sytem,

Indian changes in religion

Bhakti movement: worship one particular god, rejected hierarchy, encouraged spiritual experiences for all

Buddhism

founded in india and shres beliefs iwth hinduism, hwoever it believed in equality for all unlike hinduism

unfairness/changes in buddhism

1. Despite the budha teaching  access to enlightenment for all, it became more and more exclusive in south asia

2. On the decline

Islam

1. 1206: turkic muslim invaders came into south asia and set up a muslim empire (delhi)

2. In large parts of india, muslims were in charge

3. Islam became religion of elite

changes in islam

Sufism: mystical experience, similar to Bhakti

Delhi Sultanate (north india)

bruh i give up

Vijayanagara Empire

story time!!!!!! >:(

1. The muslim rulers from the delhi send emissaries to southern india

2. These emissaries were hindus who were converted to islam by muslim rulers

3. These emissaries threw islam out the window when they arrived in southern india and established Vijayanagara empire

Srivijaya Empire

sea based, control over trade in strait of malacca

Majapahit Empire

end of 13th century, tributary system among states in the region, sea based

Sinhala Dynasties

land based (Considered land based although they are an island bc land based is defined as getting power from the land)

Khmer Empire

hindu, prosperous, buily angkor wat but then they converted to buddhism and built some buddhist things, example fo syncretism

Syncretism

blending two religions (during this time period a good exmaple would be the khmer empire because they blended buddhism and hinduism)

Mayan civilixation

insane

mayan civilization fr

1. Urban centers, Sophisticated writing, Complex math math stuff and zero

2. State structure was a decentralized collection of city states that were frequently at war

3. Fought to create network of tributary states

4. Emphasized human sacrifice to sun gods

Aztec Empire

1. Mexica people: semi nomadic, built power

2. Alliances created the aztec empire

3. The mMexica ethnic group created Aztec

Tenochtitlan

Aztec city in the middle of pond/lake thingy

1. 150,000-200,000 ppl

2. Marketplaces and commercialized economy

3. Elaborate places and pyramids

4. used chinampasaround lake xochimilco and tenochtitlan (floating gardaens that allow for multiple harvests)

5. Used wooden poles driven into the ground to build structures on unstable swampy ground

Mayan and Aztec continutiies

1. The Maya came first and the Aztec came second

   1. Decentralized power (used tributary states)

   2. Religious motivation for expansion and human sacrifices

   3. In order to secure their legitimacy as rulers over all these people, the Mexica claimed heritage from older, more renowned mesoamerican people

andean civilizations

wari, inca

Inca

1. Borrowed from older civilizations like Wari

2. Rose to power with military and expanded quick

3. Centralized power massive bureaucracy

Inca labor system

mit’a system

mit’a system

The inca state required the labor of all people for a period of time each year to work on state projects like mining or military service

incan developmnets

• roads and bridges

• terrace farming (thing lubin was obssessed with)

  • minecraft mountains

Mississippian culture

1. First large scale civilization in north America

2. Developed around farming, fertile land

3. Political structure dominated by powerful chiefs known as the great Sun which ruled each town and extended political power over smaller satellite settlements

4. Hierarchical society

mound BUidling (mississipian)

1. Memorial and burial sites, religious ceremonies

2. Cahokia- center of Mississippian 

3. Large mounds in middle of nowhere must've required lots of manpower (says something about their hierarchical and political system)

Swahili

1. Collection of city states

2. Location is a good thing Coast of africa

3. Merchants were interested in gold,  ivory, timber, slaves

4. Imported goods from Africans in the mainland

islam in swahili

1. Islam is the dominant belief system

   1. Thrived on trade

   2. Muslim merchant = big deal

   3. Conversion among swahili to islam is good and voluntary bc it connected them to the wide world of dar-al-ismlam

song and swahili similaries

1. Expanded wealth by participating in trade beyond their borders

2. Hierarchical class structure (Confucianism and merchant elite)

song and swahili diffs

1. Song: centralized power (emperor)

2. Swahili: no larger political empire unifying

Great Zimbabwe

1. Participated in indian ocean trade

2. Exported gold 

3. Farming and cattle

4. Made capital city that housed court and rich and things

States built in west and east africa

Ghana, Mali, hausa, and Songhai

Hausa Kingdoms

collection of city states that were independent and gained power/wealth from trade across trans-saharean trade network

Hausa and swahili similatires

1. Urbanised and commercialized  states

2. Middlemen for goods frown in the interior

3. Integrated into trade patterns with other states across west and north africa

4. Ruled by a king 

5. Converted to islam, further trade

Pattern in spread of islam in africa

African states adopted islam for trade and organization

EXCEPTION adopting islam PATTERN: ETHIOPIA

1. Christian and did not fit in

2. Construction of massive churches

3. Grew wealthy through trade in Mediterranean and indian ocean, traded Salt

4. Centralized Power: king and class hierarchy

dominant religion in europe

christianty

main branches of christianty

eastern orthodox christianty, roman catholic christianty

Kievan Rus

1. Kept eastern orthodox christianity alive 

2. Main embodiment of this branch

3. Borrowed a lot from byzantine (architecture, church, alphabet)

western europe

1. Pretty isolate from the world

2. Roman Catholicism

crusade

Western europeans go try spread religion and fail miserably  except 1st

feudalism

decentralized medieval European socio-political system (roughly 9th–15th centuries) defined by hierarchical land ownership, where monarchs granted land (fiefs) to nobles (vassals) in exchange for loyalty and military service

feudalism for kids

pyramid society: king, nobles, knights, peasants/serfs

land based power

decentalized

manorialism

1. Peasants are bound to the land 

2. Worked in exchange for protection from the lords

3. Peasants, known as  SERFS,were bound to the land and similar to slaves

rising monarchs?

1. Monarchs in various states begin to gain power and centralize their states by introducing large militaries and bureaucracies

2. Monarchs are getting power and nobility aren't

3. Led to wars of conquest

how many large empires are in europe rn?

ZEROO

what kind of fragmentation in europe

political

feudalism according to heimler

1. Allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, knights

2. Greater lords and kings gained allegiances from lesser

3. Land exchanged to keep people loyal