Oceanography Exam 2

habitat and mobility

marine organisms can be grouped by

drifters

plankton

active swimmers

nekton

bottom dwellers

benthos

autotrophic, photosynthetic plankton

phytoplankton

heterotrophic, animal plankton

zooplankton

drifting bacteria

bacterioplankton

drifting viruses

virioplankton

plankton for their entire life

holoplankton

plankton only during juvenile/larval stages

meroplankton

2-20 cm

microplankton

.2-2 um

picoplankton

pelagic and benthic environments

ocean is divided into

water column

pelagic environment

seafloor

benthic environment

surface to 200 m

epipelagic

200-1000 m

mesopelagic

1000-4000 m

bathypelagic

below 4000 m

abyssopelagic

euphotic, disphotic, aphotic

what are the light zones?

enough light for photosynthesis, roughly surface to ~100 m

euphotic

dim light

disphotic

no sunlight

aphotic

support

what do buoyancy and friction provide?

rises, drops

viscosity increases as salinity _____ and temperature ___

high, sinking

small organisms have ____ surface area-to-volume ratio, helping them resist ____

streamlining

larger swimmers benefit from

broadcast

reproduction often includes _____ spawning

osmosis

salinity affects organisms through ____

internal salinity equal seawater

isotonic

internal fluids saltier than seawater

hypertonic

internal fluids less salty than seawater

hypotonic

isotonic

most marine invertebrates are _____

hypotonic, seawater, salts

saltwater fish are _____, so they drink ____ and expel ____ through their gills

the rate at which organisms store energy by forming organic matter from inorganic carbon

primary productivity

directly, indirectly, photosynthesis

nearly all ocean biomass depends ____ or ____ on _____

autotrophs

produces are ____ such as plants, algae, bacteria, and phytoplankton

heterotrophs

consumers are ____

nutrients and sunlight

what are the key limits on productivity?

nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, calcium, carbon, and silica

what are some important nutrients for productivity?

nutrients, because overall coastal areas can be productive even when water is less clear

are nutrients or sunlight the main limiting factor for productivity? why?

depth below which photosynthesis is no longer possible

compensation depth

productive surface layer, about 100 m in the open ocean

euphotic zone

ocean margins, estuaries, upwelling zones, continental shelves, and algae beds and coral reefs

highest productivity occurs in

open, tropics, sunlight, nutrients

low productivity occurs in much of the ____ ocean and ____, where ____ is available but ____ are scarce

low, thermocline, nutrients

in low productivity zones, tropical productivity is ___ because a _____ inhibits mixing and keeps deep ____ from reaching the surface

large summer bloom, strong seasonality

what are the regional patterns in polar oceans

spring and autumn blooms

what are the regional patterns for mid-latitudes

steady but low productivity, except where upwelling occurs

what are the regional patterns for tropics

seed-bearing plants, macroscopic algae, microscopic algae, photosynthetic bacteria, including Prochloroccus

photosynthetic groups

green, red, brown

types of macroscopic algae

diatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates

types of microscopic alage

SiO2

Diatoms use ____

CaCO3

Coccolithophores use ___

red

Dinoflagellates can cause ___ tides

a bloom of dinoflagellates that can create harmful algal blooms. these blooms may reduce oxygen through decomposition and may also release toxins harmful to fish, shellfish, mammals, and humans

what is a red tide

nutrient enrichment, often from fertilizer, sewage, or animal waste runoff. it can trigger blooms and produce dead zones, where oxygen becomes too low for many organisms. benthic organisms are often hit hardest because they cannot easily leave

what is eutrophication

unidirectional

energy flow in marine ecosystems is _____

sunlight —- producers ——- consumers ——- heat

Arrows

cycled, producers, consumers, decomposers

nutrients are ____, not lost. ____ take them up, ____ transfter them, and ____ return them to usable forms

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, bacteriovores, decomposes

feeding categories (know them!)

carnivory, filter/suspension feeding, deposit feeding

feeding strategies (know them!)

feeding stages in the food web

trophic levels

10, 2, sunlight, phytoplankton

only about ___% of energy typically transfers to the next trophic level, and only about ___% of ______ is converted into chemical energy by _______

gas or fluid filled buoyancy structures, swimming, oils or fats in some zooplankton

pelagic animals avoid sinking by

cephalopods, gas

_____ may use rigid ___ containers

swim bladders

many fish use ____ ____ to avoid sinking

SiO2 tests with spikes

zooplankton group: radiolarians

CaCO3 tests

zooplankton group:foraminifers

major zooplankton biomass

zooplankton group: copepods

important macroscopic zooplankton, especially in the Southern Ocean

zooplankton group: krill

Portuguese man-of-war, jellyfish

zooplankton group: cnidarians

thrust

caudal fin gives ____

stabilize

vertical fins ___

steer, balance

pectoral and pelvic fins ____ and ____

pressure

lateral line detects ______ changes

thunniform, amiiform, labriform, ostraciform

what are the swimming styles?

Body remains stiff, thrust comes from a powerful lunate

tail driven by a narrow caudal peduncle (part connecting tail to body)

thunniform

a specialized, low-speed locomotive style characterized by the undulation of a long-based dorsal fin while the main body axis remains straight and stable

amiiform (not from lecture, had to google it)

Thrust from pectoral fins

labriform

Only the tail fin moves (very fast), no part of the body

moves

ostraciform

maneuvering

rounded fin shape=

mixed function

truncated/forked fin shape=

fast propulsion

lunate fin shape=

lift-producing asymmetrical tail

heterocercal fin shape=

ambush prey, lots of white muscle

lungers predator type do what?

actively search, lots of red muscle and endurance

cruisers predator type do what?

predation, larger unit

schooling reduces _____ by confusing predators and making individuals look like one ____ ____

large eyes, large teeth, hinged jaws, expandable bodies, bioluminescence, and counterillumination

what are some deep-sea fish adaptations?

one species benefits, the host is not harmed

what happens in commensalism symbiosis?

both species benefit

what happens in mutualism symbiosis?

the parasite benefits, the host is harmed

what happens in parasitism symbiosis?

warm-blooded, breathe air, hair or fur, live birth, mammary glands

what are some shared marine mammal traits?

sea otters, polar bears, and pinnipeds

example species of carnivora

manatees and dugongs

example species of sirenia

whales, dolphins, and porpoises

example species of cetacea

streamlined bodies, deep-diving adaptations, odontoceti, mysticeti

characteristics of cetaceans

toothed whales using echolocation

odontoceti

baleen whales using baleen plates to filter prey

mysticeti

seafloor, 98

benthic organisms live on or in the _____ and over ___% of known marine species are benthic