AP World History: Unit 4 Translceanic Internconnections (1450-1700)

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sponsored the Portuguese Sea Trade

Vasco De Gama

• 1497

Rounded the top of Africa and went all the way to I did where he established trade relations

Treaty Of Tordesillas

When rivalries began forming between the Portuguese and the Spanish in the NEW WORLD

• line spilt which gave Brazil to protugal and the rest to Spanish(they didn’t know how big this are as was at the time)

Christopher Coloumbus

1492

• convinced Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain to explore the new world

• He was not educated and didn’t understand how the earth was a lot bigger than it seemed(he knew it was round), so he thought he was going to India

• Landed in Cuba instead

Amerigo Vespucci

Explored South America on several trips around the 1500’s

He realized the continent was huge and not Asia

Ponce De Leon

1513

He explored Florida for Spain in search for the fountain of youth

Vasco de Balboa

Explored much of Central American for Spain’s he laid sight of the pacific ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

Sailed around the tip of South American all the way to the Philippines

His crew circled the globe

Giovanni da Verranzzano

Explored North America for the coats for France

Sir Francis Drake

First Englishmen to go around the globe

Jhon Cabot

Explored the coast of North America for England,

Henry Hudson

Looked for a northwest passage to Asia for the Dutch, he found the Hudson River and controlled this area for the Dutch.

Sternpost Ruder

Invented in China spread to Europe through trade

Allowed for better navigations and control of chips increasing in size

Lateen Sails

Invented in the Roman Empire, allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless to the wind

Used in Indian Ocean trade first and then widely used in transoceanic

The astrolabe

Portable navigation system developed the Hellenic world

Latitude measurement

Magnetic Compass

Borrowed form the chiesne developed during HAN

Developed west towards through the Muslims

Allowed sailors to determine which direction they were going in

Three-Masted Caravels

Larger shops with larger lateen sails in the European empire invention

Larger cargo rooms and larger proviso for longer journeys

Hernando Cortes

• Forced or got the help of many of the sourrandinf nation taken over by the Aztecs

• Landed off the coats of Mexico with 600 men

• Approached the Aztecs on horse(not in N. America) guided by their neighbors

• The Aztecs delighted to see their new people → sent gold

• The Spaniards got greedy and overthrew the Aztec empire

Francisco Pizarro

Sent out search for the Incas with 200 men Approached

• disease , superior weapons, and assistance from end mores plus already exsisting Aztec instability(civil war) led to the Spanish taking control

Peninsulars

People born in Spain in their America’s(at the top of the caste system), select group of Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies.

Creoles

People born in the Americas with Spanish Ancestors.

• looked down upon so they didn’t have high level positions

• Because they were children they were educated and healthy and they were able to organize and demand rights

• Led the independence movements

Mestizo

Children with Native American and European Ansectors

Mulattos

Those with European and African ancestry

Viceroys

Appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system in the Americas where Spanish settlers (called peninsulares) were given land and a certain number of Native Americans to work for them. In return, the Spanish were supposed to protect the natives and convert them to Christianity but in reality, it was basically forced labor.

Christian Missionaries realized the system was abusive, so reforms were attempted. But instead of truly helping Native Americans, the Spanish brought in enslaved Africans to do the hardest work. This didn’t fix the problem—it just created another oppressed group. As a result, both Native Americans and enslaved Africans ended up at the bottom of society with very few rights.

Middle Passage

• It was the journey where enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

• European traders packed people tightly onto ships in brutal, inhumane conditions.

• Many suffered from disease, starvation, and abuse, and a large number died during the trip, other jumped off ships because death was better than slavery.

ONLY 20 percent morality rate

Age of Exploration

1400s to the 1600s when European countries sent explorers around the world to find new trade routes, wealth, and land.

• Nations like Spain and Portugal explored Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Facilitated by royal funding(GOD,GLORY, GOLD), mercantilist, and joint stock companies

Joint-Stock Companies

Organization created to pool resources of many merchants, distributing the cost and risk of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors.

• investors bought share as and received some profits

Because bigger ships carried more goods and the goods were basically stolen profits were huge

• helped further develop the middle class of merchants, which help attract even more investors

Mercantilism

Mercantilism was an economic system where countries tried to become powerful by gaining wealth, especially gold and silver, through trade. Nations aimed to export more goods than they imported and controlled trade using colonies, which provided raw materials and served as markets for finished products. This led to increased colonization and competition between European powers, but it also caused resentment in colonies, eventually leading to independence movements.

Muscovy Company/Dutch East India Company

Monolpized trade and controlled trade routes such as SEA and spice islands

Sugar/Silver

Sugar and silver became extremely important products after the Columbian Exchange. Sugar plantations in the Caribbean grew quickly and made huge profits, but they required large amounts of labor, leading to the use of enslaved Africans after native populations declined. Silver mining in places like Mexico and Peru also created great wealth for Spain, but relied on forced labor systems like the encomienda. Both industries were harsh and dangerous, and they helped Spain dominate global trade while increasing exploitation and global connection. Silver inflation led to a crisis in China and Spain.