Socialization

What is the bystander effect?

The phenomenon of individuals feeling less inclined to take action due to the presence of others in the group.

What is the diffusion of responsibility theory?

When individuals are in a group, they feel less personal responsibility in situations where help is needed.

What is deindividuation?

The phenomenon of people losing their inhibitions and acting impulsively in a group, due to a feeling of anonymity.

What is social facilitation?

The presence of others increases the likelihood that the most dominant response for a particular behavior will show.

Why does social facilitation happens?

The autonomic nervous system spikes around other people.

What is social loafing?

The phenomenon of putting forth less effort when doing a group task.

True or false: socialization ends in childhood.

False. Socialization is a lifelong process.

What is socialization?

The learning of how to interact with others.

What are agents of socialization?

People, organizations, and institutions that help us learn about our social world.

What did Malcolm Gladwell examine?

How wealthy vs. low-income parents raised their children.

What is deviance?

A social norm has been violated.

Is deviance a negative thing?

Not necessarily. Only means that an individual is acting outside of what society considers normal.

What is the theory of differential association?

Deviance is a learned behavior that results from continued exposure to others that violate social norms.

What is the labeling theory?

A behavior is deviant if society has labeled it as such.

What is strain theory?

If a person is blocked from attaining a socially acceptable goal, they become frustrated and turn to deviance as an alternative.

What is collective behavior?

When a large number of people act outside of social norms rapidly and randomly.

Is collective behavior socially limited?

No, unlike group behavior.

What is a certain phenomenon that can encourage collective behavior?

Deindividuation.

What are fads?

A type of collective behavior that is a fleeting behavior that becomes popular very quickly then loses it just as fast.

What is mass hysteria?

A type of collective behavior where large groups of people experience unmanageable delusions.

What are riots from a sociological perspective?

A type of collective behavior that are characterized by large groups of people suddenly engaging in deviant/antisocial behavior.

What is the social-cognitive perspective?

Views behaviors as being influenced by the interaction of people’s traits and their social context.

What is reciprocal determinism?

Bandura theory. A person's behavior, environment, and cognition continually interact and influence each other.

What is a locus of control?

How much you believe you have control over your life. Characterized by internal or external.

What are people with internal locuses of control characterized by?

More contentment and success in life.

What is learned helplessness?

A state where an individual feels unable to change a negative situation, which leads to a perceived lack of control and general helpless behavior.

What is the tyranny of choice?

Having too many choices can lead to impacted cognition.

Why does the tyranny of choice phenomenon happen?

Information overload, which leads to decision paralysis and increased regret over choices made.

What is self-control?

Ability to control impulses and delay gratification.

When does a desire become a temptation?

When a desire conflicts with our long-term goals.

What was the marshmallow test?

Preschool children were given a marshmallow and told they could eat at any time, but were also promised a second marshmallow if they waited to eat for 15 minutes.

What happened to the children who waited 15 minutes in the marshmallow test?

They showed better life outcomes later in life.

What is ego depletion?

The idea that self-control is a limited resource.

Can self-control be used up?

Yes. Extended periods of demonstrating self-control can lead to fatigue that affects performing other tasks later.

What are some strategies to avoid temptation?

Change environment, operant conditioning (increasing likelihood of behavior through reinforcement), classical conditioning (associating a positive stimulus with a craving).

Does deprivation (completely elimating a desire) help with temptation?

No, it can make one crave the temptation more and also runs the risk of ego depletion.

What is a primary deviance?

A deviance that does not result in serious consequences/reactions.

What is a secondary deviance?

A deviance that results in a severe negative reaction.