Part 2 C: The Evolutionary History of Life

How long was the terrestrial surface of the Earth lifeless

More than the first two billion years of Earths history

What are the closest relatives of land plants

Charophytes

Which specific charophyte is the closest relative of plants

Zygnematophyceaea

A rose shaped complex for cellulose synthesis is a shared derived trait between what

Plants and charophytes

Sporopollenin does what to enable a move to land

Prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

Environmental opportunities to move to land were

Unfiltered sunlight

CO2 and soil nutrients

Few herbivores and pathogens

What were the main challenges for moving onto land

Drying out/water accessibility and structural support

The following shared derived traits are traits of what

1. Alternation of generations

2. Walled spores

3. Apical meristems

Plants

Dependent embryos

Embryos which remained in the female

Apical meristems

An apex of the stem where new cells develop by mitosis

Cuticle

Waxy covering of the epidermis of a plant

Stomata

Pores at the bottom of a plant leaf for gas exchange

Fungi

Incredibly diverse and widespread, the largest organism in the forest

How do fungi absorb their food as heterotrophs

By secretion of exoenzymes in their surroundings to break down complex molecules

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots where fungus grows into the cell wall of the plant to mutually exchange nutrients and organic compounds is called

Mycorrhizae

What are fungi most closely related to

Nucleariids

What are animals most closely related to

Unicellular choanoflagellates

Which groups evolved from a common flagellated unicellular ancestor resulting in multicellularity in the two

Fungi and animals

Morphology of multicellular fungi (ability to change shape) benefits how

Enhances their ability to absorb nutrients from their surroundings

Chintin cell walls can be found in what organisms

Fungi cell walls

What are the specialized hyphae which penetrate the tissues of the host like a drill called

Haustoria (in predatory fungi)

What kind of fungi participates in the mycorrhizae relationship

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

What is the structure called that grows within the cell wall of plant root in mycorrhizae

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

What is the process of parent tissues coming together in fungi of two different breeding types instead of gametes called

Plasmogamy

What is the process of nuclei coming together called

Karyogamy

What phlyum of fungi is classified by having flagellated spores called zoospores

Chytrids

What phylum of fungi is classified by its fast growing molds and its sexually produced zygosporangia

Mucoromycetes

Do zygosporangia undergo karyogamy or plasmogamy

Karyogamy under ideal conditions

What specific phlyum has the fungi pilobolus which can aim their sporangia towards conditions associated with good food sources

Mucoromycete pilobolus

Glomeromycetes form a specific kind of tree shaped endomycorrhizae called

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Ascomycetes are a phylum of fungi which can be characterized by

Their production of sexual spores in sac like asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps

What are the asexual spores of ascomycetes called

Condia

What phylum of fungi is characterized by their mushrooms and shelf fungi defined by a clublike structure called basidium

Basidiomycetes

The long lived part of a basidiomycetes life cycle is the

Dikaryotic mycelium

Why can “fairy rings” the phenomenon of sudden appearance of a circle of mushrooms form so fast

The fruiting structure of a basidiomycete can form very quickly once exposed to another breeding type of cell

A plant with tubes that can move water and nutrients throughout the plant has what kind of tissue

Vascular tissue

Plants without vascular tissue are commonly called

Bryophytes

The dominant life cycle of moss, nonvascular plants are the

Gametophytes

What plants are characterized by the following

1. Life cycles with dominant sporophytes (diploid phase)

2. Xylem and phloem

3. Well developed roots and leaves

Vascular plants

Which generation is small and grow below the soil surface in vascular plants

Gametophytes (haploid) generation

What vascular tissue is characterized by its ability to conduct most water and minerals

Xylem

What vascular tissue is characterized by its ability to distrubute sugars amino acids and organic products via living cells

Phloem

What strengthens water conducting cells, providing structural support to let them get taller

Lignin

Roots

Organs in vascular plants which absorb nutrients and water from soil which may have evolved from subterranean stems

Leaves

Increase surface area to capture more solar energy or photosynthesis

What type of leaf has a single vein

Microphyll

What type of leaves have highly branched veins

Megaphyll

What is described of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Seed

What is common to all seed plants

Reduced gametophytes

Ovules and pollen

What are the advantages of reduced gametophytes in seeded plants

Protection from UV radiation, drying out and getting nutrients from parent sporophyte

What makes up an ovule in a seeded plant

Megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments

Microspores develop into what in seeded plants

Pollen grains

The transfer of pollen to the stigma of a seed plant containing ovules is the process of what

Pollination

Being the sporophyte embryos

Having a food supply

And being packaged in a protective coat

Are all advantages of what

Seeds in evolution

What clade of seed plants is characterized by its needle shaped leaves, cone bearing abilities and its resistance to dry conditions

Gymnosperms

Cone bearing gymnosperms that dominate northern areas are called

Conifers

The clade of seed plants which are characterized by their flowers are called

Angiosperms or flowering plants

What part of a flowering plant functions as the enclosing protection

Sepals

What part of a flower is brightly coloured to attract polinators

Petals

What part of the flowering plant functions produces pollen on their terminal anthers

Stamens

What part of the flower produces ovules

Carpals

What period did angiosperms begin to dominate ecosystems in

The end of the mesozoic era

Why did bennettitales go extinct

Their structure did not opt for lots of pollination, there was more asexual reproduction and less genetic diversity

What is the difference between monocots and dicots

The difference between the two types of angiosperms are

Monocots only have one cotyledon whereas dicots have two cotyledons

What is a lichen

Photosynthetic microbes held in a mass of ungal hyphae in a symbiotic way turning abiotic rock into soil

What is the fungal component of a lichen

Either ascomycete or basidiomycete

What is the photosynthetic microbe component of lichen

Algae or cyanobacteria

Why did lycophytes, horsetails and ferns grrow to greight heights when forming the first forests

For competition of solar energy

How could the acidity from roots in the seedless vascular plants have caused global cooling

Caused carbon to sequester into rocks

What plant fungus mutualism makes toxins that deter herbivores and protect against pathogens

Endophytes

White nosed syndrome is an example of what kind of pathogen

A fungal ascomycete pathogen

Pollination of flowers and transports of seeds by animals is what kind of interaction

Plant animal interaction