17. Dairy Nutrition 1

1. maximize milk production

2. minimize cost per unit of milk

3. maintain cow health and longevity

what are the dairy production goals

50lb/day (3.7% BW)

what is the DMI peak of dairy cows

100lb/d

what is the as-fed intake limit in dairy cows

120-140lb/d

what is the as-fed intake during peak milk production

TMR...total mixed ration

how are cows typically fed...what kind of ration

production

intake limits ______

limited; energy deficit

though milk production requires high energy output, it is important to realize that intake capacity is often ___ causing cows to go into a ____ ____ in early lactation

no....why they go into an energy deficit

can cows eat enough to meet energy needs during early lactation?

~30-150 DIM

what is the relative DIM (days in milk) during peak milk....affected by breed, nutrition, season

~340 DIM

how long does it take a dairy cow to decline after peak until dry-off

hot weather

which season has a negative impact on milk production

0-120 days

the calving stage of the lactation cycle is days _______ and includes open + lactating stages

120-340 days

how long is the cow in the pregnant + lactating stage of the lactation cycle

last 60 days

when is the dry period during the lactation cycle

~400 days

what is the calving interval of dairy cows

# cows bred/# eligible to breed over 21 day period

what is the heat detection rate (HDR)

# cows pregnant/# eligible to get pregnant over 21 day period

what is the pregnancy rate (PR)

the day from calving to the day of conception

how do you define the days a cow is open

~166 days but goal is as close to 120 days as possible

what is the rough estimate of days a cow is open

45-60 days

when does the first service typically occur

~2

about how many services for cows have per conception

3.7% BW

in peak lactation, how much DM does a Holstein consume

1. portable milkers: when cows are sick or at shows

2. barn milking systems: cows are tied in stalls with one station per two cows

3. milking parlors: many different options available

types of milking systems

herringbone

which form of milking parlor involves a milking machine in the middle with 2 rows of cows on each side which is most ideal for less cows

swingover

which form of milking parlor involves one set of milkers which swings side to side

rapid exit parallel

which form of milking parlor involves all cows exiting both sides at once

rotary

which form of milking parlor involves a turning system where cows can step on and off

robotic

which form of milking parlor involves an automatic system best suited for more cows

1. stanchion barns

2. free stall + parlor

3. dry lot + parlor

4. compost-bedded pack barn + parlor

what are the different forms of confinement systems

barn milking system in which cows are tied

how would you describe a stanchion barn confinement system

shade and shelter provided with a non-slip floor and stalls with sand or compost

how would you describe a free stall + parlor confinement system

a newer model of confinement that is designed to improve cow comfort using a base of sawdust...fresh bedding aft 2-5wks with a complete cleanout 1-2x per yr

how might you describe a compost-bedded pack barn + parlor confinement system

1. intensive grazing: 6-7 months/yr of grazing but raises issues with milk variability due to forage variability

2. grazing + supplemental feeding: issue with forage variability

3. grazing + seasonal breeding: focused breeding so calves are born in late winter-early spring to match forage availability

what are the pasture based systems for feeding

forage variability affecting milk quality

there is an issue with pasture based systems due to....

confinement production

which production systems allows for controlled nutrition but has a higher cost for the producer

pasture based production

which production system has lower feeding costs but has variable intake and thus variable milk production as a result

13.2 months/400 days

what is the typical calving interval for a dairy cow

1. hay and grain

2. component feeding such as corn silage, grain mix, hay

3. total mixed ration/TMR allowing each bite to be nutritionally balanced

what are the confinement feeding systems for dairy cattle

forage

____ alone is insufficient for lactation and requires concentrate/grain supplementation

<60%

grain should make up no more than _____ of ration

will drastically alter rumen VFA production and cause milk fat to decrease

what happens if grain takes up more than 60% of the ration

intake variability

what is the limitation for hay and grain feeding

forage should be fed before grain

when should forage be fed if doing a component feeding strategy

hay

if hay and silage are fed in component feeding, what do you feed first

30 mins-1.5 hr

feed forage _____ before offering grain mixture

stimulates rumination (saliva production) to buffer VFAs

why is feeding forage 1st important in a component feeding strategy

rapidly (barley and corn) + slowley (citrus and beet pulp) fermentable

we should feed a balance of ____ + _____ ____ carbohydrate sources when doing component feeding

undegradable intake protein/UIP

soybean meal and distiller's grain's serve as what important part of the cow diet

total mixed ration/TMR

what type of feeding is most commonly and involves mixing all ingredients together to make each bite nutritionally balanced

1. reduced sorting

2. consistent intake

3. easier monitoring

4. support higher milk production

advantages of total mixed ration

continually pushing food up to cows throuhout the day

it is important to ensure cows have access to food at all times by....

total mixed ration/TMR

which feeding method is highly consistent, involves moderate labor, and has strong intake control

component feeding

which feeding style has variable consistence, requires more labor for management, and has limited intake control

DMI

____ is limiting in early lactation making negative energy balance common

causes body tissue (fat) to be mobilized to meet energy demands which can drive metabolic disease risk such as ketosis and subacute rumen acidosis

why is negative energy balance an issue

1. >30%-mostly forage

2. at least 20% should be 2in or longer to stim rumination

NDF requirements in early lactation

RDP/DIP/urea+RUP/UIP/soybean meal

what is involved in balanced protein feeding during early lactation

1-1.5lb/d

what is the limit for fat intake during early lactation

60%

what is the limit on grain inclusions in dairy cows

1-5 scale

what is the BCS system for dairy cows

3.0-3.5

optimal BCS range to avoid metabolic disease or low milk production/infertility

3.25-3.5

optimal BCS range for first calf heifers to support growth and lactation

more than 0.5-1.0 points

cows should not lose more than what amount of BCS score in first 60 days of lactation

DMI

dairy cows are limited by _____ especially in early lactation

nutrient demmand

peak lactation drives....

profitability

reproduction affects...

consistency and production

TMR improves ____ and _____

high

early lactation has a (high/low) metabolic risk