GD - MIDTERM PERIOD (COMPILATION)

Note: Hindi sya in great detail

Accepting behavior

One who less rigidly responds to pressure from her environment, is less tense and is therefore, more apt to manifest ____________________.

Group acceptance

Can be a positive valence and elicits an approach behavior.

Group disapproval

Can be a negative valence and elicits avoidance behavior.

Life space

Home life, professional life and social life (there is dynamic interactions among these regions when there is unattained goal or object).

Object

Can relieve tension; goal or the primary needs of the person.

Valence

The quality makes the object of special interest to the Individual.

Positive valence

Effects approach behavior

Negative valence

Elicits avoidance behavior

Field theory

A field as totality of coexisting facts that are conceived as mutually interdependent. Also states that behavior is a function of the interaction between her person and her environment.

Environment

Consists of the objective reality that surrounds a person, it affects the person and may or may not arouse response from them.

Objective reality

What surrounds the person when aroused with the response, it becomes a part of the subjective reality.

Subjective reality

Psychological environment, how the person perceives the environment.

Group dynamics

A system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics).

Max Wertheimer

Proposed that the behavior of the whole cannot be derived from its individual elements nor from the way these elements fit together; rather the opposite is true: the properties of any of the parts are determined by the intrinsic structural laws of the whole.

Wilhelm Wundt

Credited as the founder of experimental psychology.

Émile Durkheim

Recognized collective phenomena

Gustave Le Bon

Believed that crowds possessed a 'racial unconscious' with primitive, aggressive, and antisocial instincts.

William McDougall

Believed in a “group mind,” which had a distinct existence born from the interaction of individuals.

Kurt Lewin

Coined the term group dynamics to describe the positive and negative forces within groups of people.

Kurt Lewin

Established The Group Dynamics Research Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Models of communication

Representations of the process of communication.

Communication

Can be defined as the transmission of ideas

• Sender

• Encoder

• Channel

• *Noise

• Decoder

• Receiver

• *Feedback

Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication (5 parts, 7 bullets)

Semantic

Referential, informative; when language is used to refer to something in the world.

Subjective

Individual; existing in the mind; belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of thought (opposed to objective).

Cultural

Social; include cultural terms, silence practices, terms of address, rituals, and social dramas.

Personal identities

Include the components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences.

Social identities

Components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are interpersonally committed.

Transactional Model of Communication

Describes communication as a two-way, interactive process within social, relational, and cultural contexts.

• Noise

• Message distortion

• Time

• Distance

Physical barriers (4)

Noise

A sound or malfunction that interrupts the sending and reception of messages during a conversation.

Message distortion

Occurs when the receiver assigns a different meaning to a message than the sender intended.

Time

Can impact the promptness and clarity of communication.

Distance

Many of their interactions take place over the phone or in virtual environments.

Emotional barriers

Represent the emotions that may hold you back from communicating what you want to your teammates.

Attitudinal barriers

Personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or refusing to communicate.

Individual linguistic ability

Use of difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent people from understanding the message.

Ambiguity of words

Vague language, unclear context, or the use of words with multiple meanings.

Physiological barriers

May result from individuals’ personal discomfort, caused, for example, by ill health, poor eyesight or hearing difficulties.

Cultural differences

Can create communication barriers, such as language barriers, different communication styles, and non-verbal cues that may be misinterpreted.

Bypassing

A semantic barrier that occurs when the meaning of a message gets lost in translation, not due to language differences.

Frame of reference

Refers to an individual’s unique perspective, beliefs, experiences, and biases that shape how they perceive and interpret the world around them.

Lack of knowledge and skills

In healthcare settings, the use of medical jargon can create barriers between healthcare providers and patients, leading to potential misunderstandings that could have serious consequences.

• Spacing out

• Pretending

• Selective listening

• Word listening

• Self-centered listening

Lack of listening skills (5)

Spacing out

Are they even talking? Your thoughts are elsewhere.

Pretending

You're not listening, but you nod in affirmation and say "yes" and "oh" and "sounds great" so they think you're paying attention.

Selective listening

The entire conversation doesn't interest you, so you only listen to the "important" parts. Why bother yourself with all that other stuff?

Word listening

They're saying one thing, but their body language and intonation suggest something entirely different. You miss out on the subtext because you're focused solely on the words.

Self-centered listening

You see everything from your point of view and are unable to shift your focus to understand where they are coming from.

Emotional interference

Impairs working memory as the emotional information tends to capture and reallocate cognitive resources.

Physical distractions

An element or a physical factor that acts as a distraction to hinder the flow of communication and can be natural or human-made and is easy to spot.

Conflict management

The way that one handle disagreements.

Relationship conflict

A disagreement between people (partners, friends, siblings, or co-workers).

• Personal values

• Perceptions

• Conflicting goals

• Power dynamics

Conflicts revolve around… (4)

Personal values

Set of beliefs that define your ideal standards of behavior and guide your choices.

Perceptions

Belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem.

Conflicting goals

Conflict is serious disagreement and argument about something important.

Power dynamics

Refers to those roles and to ways of interacting that influence a partner’s behavior.

• Finances

• Sexual intimacy

• Decision making

• Duties and responsibility

Marriage power dynamics (4)

• Assertive

• Aggressive

• Passive

• Passive agressive

Communication style (4)

• Accommodating

• Avoiding

• Collaborating

• Competing

• Compromising

Conflict management styles (5)

Accomodating

High in cooperation, low in assertiveness

Avoiding

Low in assertiveness and cooperativeness

Collaborating

Demands high level of cooperation from all parties involved

Competing

High in assertiveness and low in cooperation

Compromising

Demands moderate assertiveness and cooperation from all parties involved

• Acknowledge the problem

• Gather the necessary information

• Set guidelines

• Keep emotion out of discussion

• Be decisive

Tips to keep in mind when conflict arises (5)

Communication

Transmitting knowledge, ideas, and information, and thoughts from one person to another.

Verbal communication

Uses words to convey a message, whether that’s orally or in writing.

Nonverbal communication

Posture, facial expressions, and eye contact.

Facial expressions

Look on an individual’s face; smile, frown, grimace.

Kinesics

Conscious body movements like waving, pointing, and giving a thumbs up or down.

Paralinguistics

Refers to the aspects of verbal communication that aren’t the words themselves; tone of voice, loudness, and pitch.

Body language and posture

Crossing your legs or arms, a head nod, slouching, or sitting up straight; complex and quite subtle.

Proxemics

How near something is.

Gaze

Eye contact is a massive factor in nonverbal communication because it can give clues to how we feel.

Haptics

Communication by touch.

Appearance

Hairstyle, clothing, tattoos, piercings, and even body shape.

Chronemics

The role time plays during communication.

Physiological responses

Your body naturally sends out nonverbal signals that are nearly impossible to control. This includes nervous sweating, blushing, or tearing up.

Business communication

Intended to help a business achieve a fundamental goal, through information sharing between employees as well as people outside the company.

Physical barrier

Relate to disturbance in the immediate situation, which can interfere in the course of an effective communication.

Cultural barrier

Similar words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they talk the “same” language.

Language barriers

Inability to converse in a language that is known by both sender and receiver.

Emotional barrier

The emotional state may influence your capacity to make yourself understood and hamper your understanding of others.

Gender barriers

This barrier arises because men and women have different ways of thinking and communication.

Organizational barriers

All the internal factors which stymie or block the process of communication are known as _________________________.

Perceptual barriers

The most common problem is that people have different opinions.

• Define the problem

• Generate alternative solutions

• Evaluate and select an alternative

• Implement and follow up on the solution

Problem-solving process (4)

Problem

A matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome.

Conflicts

Part of nature and certainly part of human relations, between individuals, as well as within and between groups.

• Activity is incongruent with one's needs or interest

• Behavioral preference

• Limited Resources

• Inclusive vs. exclusive attitudes, values, skills, and goal

Causes of conflict (4)

Imbalance at work

No more productivity in the workplace, employee experiences burning out at work.

Robotic movement of tasks and agendas

The team is not treated as human beings, who have unique strengths, weaknesses and experiences.

Inclusivity

Accepting different people, open to the possibility that different people from radically different backgrounds will have the same interests and will both be welcomed into the same groups.