APUSH Second Semester Final Exam

If the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century was based on the steam engine, the “new” Industrial Age of the 19th century was

Based on electricity, steel, and the internal combustion engine.

Which of the following groups economically benefited most from the inventions of the telephone and the typewriter:

Unmarried white women (who flooded into new clerical and secretarial jobs).

Which pair of railroad companies built the first transcontinental railroad

The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific.

The original purpose of the Grange was to

Provide a social and educational outlet for isolated farm families.

The goal of the Interstate Commerce Act was to

Lower excessive railroad rates and regulate railroad monopolies.

In what industry did the great strike of 1877 take place

The railroad industry.

During the late 1800’s, “scabs” were unpopular with other workers because “scabs” were

Strikebreakers used to replace striking workers and break up unions.

The use of standardized time that utilized time zones was introduced in order to benefit

Railroad companies and train travelers.

What made it possible, during the 1800’s, to construct skyscrapers

The Bessemer process (which made cheap steel) and the invention of the safety elevator.

John D. Rockefeller founded the

Standard Oil Company.

What two groups of immigrants did the most to build the transcontinental railroad

Chinese and Irish immigrants.

What type of business organization did Carnegie own when he owned every aspect of the steel-making industry?

Vertical integration.

In order to stop the growth of monopolies in 1890 Congress passed the

Sherman Antitrust Act.

Immigrants in America generally clustered into these types of neighborhoods with others from the same country.

Ethnic enclaves (or ghettos).

The Homestead Act required those who claimed land to

Cultivate the land and live on it for at least five years.

Who gave the “Cross of Gold Speech?”

William Jennings Bryan.

The Populist Party was founded by

Farmers and agrarian activists (often connected to the Farmers' Alliance).

The Supreme Court upheld the segregation of whites and blacks in the 1896 case of

Plessy v. Ferguson.

The Southern States enacted many laws to disenfranchise African-Americans and passed these laws that kept blacks and whites segregated.

Jim Crow laws.

Which of the following was most responsible for bringing an end to the area of wide-open western front?

Barbed wire.

Theodore Roosevelt called the reporters who informed the public about the need for reform

Muckrakers.

Who helped found the NAACP?

W.E.B. Du Bois.

Who gained the most from the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment?

Ordinary citizens / voters (who gained the power to directly elect U.S. Senators).

The establishment of the Federal Reserve System was prompted by the need for

Financial stability and a central banking system to prevent economic panics.

In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair exposed

The unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

The Bull Moose Party was formed as a result of

Theodore Roosevelt's failure to win the Republican nomination away from William Howard Taft in 1912.

Progressives that promoted Americanization efforts

Encouraged immigrants to assimilate into dominant American culture by shedding their native languages and customs.

Which reform did the Nineteenth Amendment enact?

Women's suffrage (the right to vote for women).

Who inspired the US to strengthen its naval forces?

Alfred Thayer Mahan (author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History).

Who organized the First Voluntary Cavalry Regiment, otherwise known as the “Roughriders?”

Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood.

On what did the Roosevelt Corollary build?

The Monroe Doctrine.

The battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor was the __________. Americans believed that __________ was responsible.

USS Maine

The Open Door Policy was designed as a way for the US to further

Trade and commercial interests in China.

This is a sensationalized style of writing that exaggerates the news to the readers.

Yellow journalism.

Theodore Roosevelt was declared the hero of this, even though he and his units played only a minor role in its capture.

San Juan Hill.

What was the immediate cause of World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

Which of the following was a major factor in the United States decision to enter World War I?

Germany’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare and the interception of the Zimmermann Telegram.

How did most women contribute to the war effort during World War I?

Working in factories, filling vacant male jobs, and serving as nurses or volunteers.

What British liner was sunk on May 7, 1915?

The Lusitania.

Most of the money used to finance WWI came from

Government war bonds (Liberty Bonds).

What role did the federal government play in the economy during the war?

It heavily regulated and directed economic production through agencies like the War Industries Board.

What was the name of the treaty that ended WWI?

The Treaty of Versailles.

How did most investors react to a sudden fall in stock prices in late October 1929?

They panicked and tried to sell off their stocks as quickly as possible.

John T. Scopes challenged a Tennessee law that forbade the teaching of

Evolution.

The Universal Negro Improvement Association supported the idea that African Americans should

Build separate communities and potentially return to Africa ("Back to Africa" movement).

In calling shantytowns “Hoovervilles,” people conveyed their

Disgust and anger with President Herbert Hoover's handling of the Great Depression.

The Bonus Army consisted of

World War I veterans seeking early payment of their promised service bonuses.

What dam was built by the Hoover Administration

Boulder Dam (later renamed Hoover Dam).

What did Roosevelt do just days after his inauguration?

Declared a nationwide "bank holiday" to stop bank runs and stabilize the financial system.

Who was the first female Cabinet member?

Frances Perkins (Secretary of Labor).

Which of the following extended job opportunities to single young men?

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

How did Eleanor Roosevelt change the role of the First Lady?

By acting as an active, outspoken political adviser and traveling the country to advocate for social causes.

Roosevelt created the Securities Exchange Commission to

Regulate the stock market and prevent fraudulent trading practices.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act helped farmers because it

Paid farmers subsidies to reduce production, which raised crop prices.

The Federal Art Project set a precedent for

Federal government funding and support for the arts.

The Nazis practiced genocide which is the

Deliberate and systematic killing of an entire racial, political, or cultural group.

The Atlantic Charter, drafted by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt, was a

Joint declaration outlining Allied goals for the post-war world, focusing on self-determination and collective security.

What was the United States’ position during the early years of World War II?

Officially neutral, though increasingly supportive of the Allies through programs like Lend-Lease.

What prompted the United States to enter the war in 1941?

The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

D-Day was the code name for the Allied invasion of

Nazi-occupied France (specifically Normandy).

The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to

Develop the first atomic weapon.

The Battle of the Bulge was significant because it marked the

Last major German offensive of World War II.

After the United States entered the war, which nation did the Allies concentrate on defeating first?

Germany ("Europe First" strategy).

The Allied strategy against the Japanese was best described as

Island hopping.

Who, when forced to abandon the Philippines, made the vow, “I shall return?”

General Douglas MacArthur.

Who made the final decision to drop the atomic bomb?

President Harry S. Truman.

In response to efforts by the west to reunify Germany, the Soviet Union set up the

Berlin Blockade.

The 38th parallel became an important dividing line between

North Korea and South Korea.

The Eisenhower Doctrine was a warning to the Soviet Union against military intervention in

The Middle East.

What was the outcome of the Korean War?

A stalemate that ended in an armistice, leaving Korea divided at roughly the same border (the 38th parallel/DMZ).

Like Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Alger Hiss was accused of

Spying for the Soviet Union / espionage.

The 1957 launching of Sputnik

Shocked Americans, sparked fears of Soviet technological superiority, and launched the Space Race.

The defense policy called "flexible response" was designed to allow the US to

Fight non-nuclear conflicts without relying solely on the threat of massive nuclear retaliation.

The Bay of Pigs Invasion humiliated the US by making the nation appear

Weak, disorganized, and incompetent in its efforts to overthrow Fidel Castro.

Warren Court decisions on criminal matters tended to strengthen the

Constitutional rights of accused persons (due process).

The main goal of the March on Washington was to bring about

Jobs, freedom, and passage of civil rights legislation.

Who delivered the "I have a dream" speech at the 1963 March on Washington?

Martin Luther King Jr.

Which doctrine relating to public education was overturned by the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

The "separate but equal" doctrine.

Where did the first sit-ins for civil rights take place?

Lunch counters (specifically Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina).

The main goal of the Freedom Riders was to

Test and challenge the federal ban on segregation in interstate bus travel and facilities.

Which of the following authorized President Johnson to conduct a war in Vietnam?

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

Which of the following enabled North Vietnam to supply Vietminh troops to South Vietnam?

The Ho Chi Minh Trail.

The main purpose of the War Powers Act was to

Limit the president's ability to commit U.S. troops to undeclared foreign wars without congressional approval.

Which president adopted the policy of Vietnamization?

Richard Nixon.

Cesar Chavez used nonviolent means to organize Mexican-American

Farmworkers.

The demonstration organized by the American Indian Movement (AIM) were designed to

Draw attention to broken government treaties, Native sovereignty, and civil rights violations.

The goal of the program known as “Star Wars” was

To build a space-based laser missile defense system (Strategic Defense Initiative).

People who support pay equity argue that women should be paid

The same as men for performing jobs of comparable worth or requirement.

In 1972, “burglars” were caught breaking into the office of

The Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex.

The foreign policy of détente was mainly intended to

Ease Cold War tensions between the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.

During the 1970s, a number of nations formed OPEC in order to

Control the global price and supply of oil.

The main goal of President Nixon’s New Federalism was to

Shift power, revenue, and responsibility from the federal government back to state and local governments.

In what region of the world did President Carter face his greatest diplomatic challenge, when he worked to establish peace talks between two rival countries

The Middle East (resulting in the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel).

Why did many Senators oppose the Versailles treaty?

They feared Article X of the League of Nations covenant would drag the United States into unwanted foreign conflicts.

In the US, television was instrumental in

Shaping public opinion on major issues like the civil rights movement, presidential debates, and the Vietnam War.

What was the basic philosophy of the counterculture?

Rejection of traditional, mainstream American values, materialism, and authority in favor of peace, love, and personal freedom.

During President Clinton’s first term, NAFTA extended the existing US-Canadian free-trade zone to include

Mexico.

The main purpose of the tax cut Reagan supported was to

Stimulate economic investment and growth through supply-side economics.

The main provision of the 1996 Telecommunications Act made it legal for communications companies to

Cross into each other's businesses and buy out competitors, drastically increasing industry consolidation.

Which of the following 20th-century population trends is seen as posing the greatest challenge to the Social Security system?

The aging of the Baby Boom generation.