Lecture Notes on Psychosocial and Biological Treatments

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering psychosocial and biological treatments for Bipolar 1, BPD, CUD, PMDD, and Schizophrenia based on lecture transcripts.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A structured, goal-oriented psychotherapy focusing on the influence of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours on one another to challenge negative thinking patterns and develop coping strategies.

Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)

A treatment developed specifically for Bipolar Disorder that combines behavioural, interpersonal, and psychoeducation strategies to stabilize routines, sleep-wake cycles, and social rhythms.

Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)

A $9$ to $12$ month psychosocial intervention involving the patient and family members that aims to reduce family stress through psychoeducation, communication enhancement, and problem-solving training.

Psychoeducation Therapy

A psychosocial intervention providing education regarding symptoms, triggers, risk factors, and relapse prevention to promote illness insight and participation in treatment.

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)

Developed by Marsha Linehan ($1993$) for chronically suicidal patients, this therapy integrates Zen practices, dialectical philosophy, and behaviour therapy to treat Borderline Personality Disorder.

Mentalization

The capacity to think about oneself in relation to others and to understand others’ state of mind; it is an evidence-based treatment for BPD developed by Bateman and Fonagy ($2004$).

Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP)

A structured treatment for BPD based on Kernberg’s object relations theory that uses clarification, confrontation, and interpretation within the patient-therapist relationship.

Transactional Model of BPD

A theory describing the etiology of BPD as the interaction between an emotionally vulnerable person and an invalidating environment.

Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)

An empirically supported treatment for Cannabis Use Disorder that uses motivational interviewing and feedback to promote healthy change in actions, thoughts, and feelings.

Contingency Management Therapy (CMT)

A behaviour therapy where a reinforcement or reward is given each time a desired behavior is performed, such as negative drug tests or meeting abstinence goals.

Cognitive Restructuring

Technique used in CBT to help clients identify self-defeating beliefs or cognitive distortions, refute them, and modify them so that they are adaptive and reasonable.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

A biological treatment for CUD involving an electromagnetic coil placed on the scalp to induce electrical currents that alter neuronal firing patterns, aiming to decrease cravings.

Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) Inhibitors

A potential pharmacotherapy for CUD that prevents the degradation of endocannabinoids to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings.

Psychotherapy (Norcross, 1990 Definition)

The informed and intentional application of clinical methods and interpersonal stances derived from established psychological principles to assist people in modifying their behaviors, cognitions, or emotions.

Psychoanalytic Therapies

A conflict model of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud that focuses on making unconscious phenomena conscious by interpreting sexual and aggressive impulses and defense mechanisms.

Existential Therapies

Appproaches prioritizing the therapeutic relationship and the client's subjective experience to achieve authenticity by making life choices that create meaning.

Person-Centered Therapies

Founded by Carl Rogers, these therapies focus on the 'actualizing tendency' and require conditions such as therapist genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and accurate empathy.

Transtheoretical Therapy

An integrative system based on three core dimensions: processes of change, stages of change (precontemplation to termination), and levels of change.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)

An evidence-based frontline adjunct to pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia aimed at reducing distress from hallucinations, delusions, and negative symptoms.

ABC Model

A framework in CBTp where A is the Activating event, B is the Belief (interpretation), and C is the Consequence (feelings and actions).

Childhood Adversity Odds Ratio in Schizophrenia

Researchers found that individuals with schizophrenia were significantly more likely to report childhood adversity with an odds ratio of $3.60$.

Theory of Mind (ToM)

The social cognitive mechanism of understanding the thoughts and intentions of others; deficits in this area are consistently associated with poorer social functioning in schizophrenia.

Emotional Neglect

The psychosocial factor identified as having the highest association with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder compared to types of physical or sexual abuse.

Lithium

The 'gold standard' mood stabilizer used in Bipolar $1$ Disorder to reduce mood episodes, depressive symptoms, and suicide risk.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A procedure that passes electrical currents through the brain to induce a seizure; it is roughly $70\%$ effective for BD $1$, being most effective for mania.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists

A second-line biological treatment for PMDD that functions as a 'chemical oophorectomy' by suppressing ovulation and reducing hormone levels to postmenopausal stages.

Core PMD

Conditions that are cyclical in nature and confined to the luteal phase of menstruation, including the severe end of the spectrum, PMDD.