Modern Constitutional Developments

MMP (Mixed-Member Proportional)

An electoral system that prevents concentration of power in a single majority party and encourages coalition governments.

Benefits of MMP

Better reflects voter preferences and promotes representation of diverse political views.

Jack Vowles

An influential political scientist who supported MMP fearing voter alienation

1992 Indicative Referendum

A referendum that asked whether there should be a binding referendum and which electoral system voters preferred.

Outcome of the 1993 Binding Referendum

A majority voted for MMP as their preferred electoral system.

Consequence of 1993 Binding Referendum

Hung Parliament

Public misunderstood system

Constitutional Recognition of Te Tiriti 1877

Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington dismissed te Tiriti

Key developments demonstrating NZ’s constitutional evolution

Royal Titles Act

Letters Patent

GG appointment

Divisible Crown

Reduced constitutional dependence on UK