hort exam 3 review questions

in tests, _______ was 100 % effective against fruit flies.

Abamectin

_____ protects against rust and powdery mildew and can kill pests such as whiteflies,
aphids, mealybugs and lace bugs.

neem seed oil

______ lives naturally within a plant and secretes a gas that stops the growth of plant pests, and maybe the first biological fumigant.

Muscador albus

Always start with a _____ as the first step in pest control.

non-chemical

___ is a mostly GMO crop created using endophyte fungus or bacteria that lives between cells or a Bt gene inserted into the genes of plants to protect plants against chewing insects.

Corn

______ kills by bacteria (Bt) proteins forming holes in the gut and digestive tract and causing fatal starvation to worms and caterpillars.

Bacillus thuringesis

One of the ways biological control agents work is to ____ the pest or suck out its body fluids

Eat

______ , rather than herbicides, may be used for weed control to minimize the use of harsh chemicals.

Mulch

Chronic toxicity is a danger caused by chemicals that accumulate in ____.

Bodies of animals and humans

In cases of spillage or other types of exposure to a toxic chemical, the most important consideration is to quickly __________.

Remove contaminated clothing

The most important first aid practice is to _________.

Dilute the poison

Chemicals such as _______ are absorbed rapidly through the skin.

Organophosphates

Inhalation toxicity is measured in ______

LC50

The first step in selecting a pesticide is to identify the _______.

Pest organism

Some progress has been made in the development and use of pesticides that affect only insects. Chemicals that affect the insect’s ______ are good examples.

Nervous system

_______ are chemicals that kill tiny, hairlike worms) that feed on the roots of plants.

Nemagon and Dasanit

Attractant lure for attracting and sometimes trapping adult insects, is made from naturally or synthetically produced _____

Hormones

A common chemical used to control rats and mice is ________.

Warfarin

Many insecticides that could be found on the market just a few years ago are no longer approved for use. Examples include_________.

Aldrin, carbofuran, chloropyrifos, DDT

An example of a systemic poison is _____.

Orthene (acephate)

An example of a contact poison is _______.

Pyrethrins, zeta-cypermethrin

An example of a chemical fumigant that used to be injected about 2 feet deep into the ground as a pesticide, but has been banned in the US, is _________.

Methyl bromide

____ is a type of an inorganic ( mineral) insecticide that is also used as a fungicide.

Sulfur and copper

________ is a new slug control that is not toxic to other organisms

Escar-Go!

Dusting or drenching the soil mix with _________ often gives excellent control of seedling root and stem rot

Captan

The difference between the application of fungicides and insecticides is the ____.

Timing

Rodenticides most commonly kill as _______ poisons.

Stomach

_______ is a disease that attacks the stems and leaves of plants.

Anthracnose

Fungi are tiny non-green plants that lack ________ and live as parasites and decomposers.

Chlorophyll

Adding soil bacteria and compost helps control root rot, plus adding _______ in the soil protects the root system from several soil-borne diseases.

Actinovate

Some chemicals must be washed into the germination zone by rainfall or irrigation within ________ after application.

7 to 10 days

Dimension kills the plants by preventing ______ from occurring.

Photosynthesis

Most weeds are killed more easily when they are _________.

Young and active in growth

Broadleaf weeds (dicots) in a cornfield can be killed with _______ herbicide without damaging the corn plants

Selective

____ is an herbicide that moves through the plant phloem to the meristem tissues, causing uncontrolled and unsustainable growth. It is a synthetic auxin, commonly used on lawns, because it is more effective on dicots.

2, 4 D

a flea beetle, released in the USA as a biocontrol agent for leafy spurge (a serious grassland weed

Aphtona flava flea beetle

a family if parasitoid wasps that provide caterpillar, beetle, fly and aphid control. Also important as pollinators.

Braconid wasp

Azadirachta indica, produces seeds that contain a natural pesticide, insect repellent and anti-fugal agent. It is used for control of aphids, spider mites, caterpillars and fungal plant diseases such as powdery mildew, rust, scab and black spot.

Neem tree oil

Organic compounds derived from Chrysanthemumthat have potent insecticidal effects, targeting the nervous systems of insect that touch or eat it.

Pyrethrum

A soil bacteria that produces avermectins , used as pesticides, nerve poisons, and anti-parasitic drug

Streptomyces avermitilis

fungal disease that causes dark, sunken lesions on leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. Affects some crops, evergreens and several trees, maple, white oak, elm and dogwood,

Anthracnose

Reddish-brown discoloration of the water-conducting tissue of the stem and roots, stunting, pale green and yellow leaves, leaves wilt (shrivel) and drop off

Fusarium wilt

white patches of fungal growth on lower surface and upper surface of leaf and on stem, leaf edges curl upwards, purple to reddish blotches on leaves, leaves may shrivel, brown and drop off.

Powdery mildew

a fungal disease that causes global losses of 1 Billion $ in wheat and 3 Billion in coffee crops. Oval or ring-shaped orange or yellow reddish, rust-colored pustules form on the leaves, reduced photosynthesis, weakens plant and causes yield loss.

Rust

Causes yellow patches (mottling), necrosis,

stunting, leaf curling and yellowing of plant tissues

Tobacco mosaic virus

Bull thistle

Field bindweed

Johnsongrass

Salt cedar

silver leaf nightshade

Chewing mouth parts and eats the whole tissue; leaves droppings

Caterpillar

Ants may farm these for food

Aphids

Feeds mainly on stored grains

Weevil

Sucking mouth parts; covered by a hard shell

Scale

Has a shell; and leaves a slime trail

Snail

Feeds on roots of plants

Grub

Causes yellow speckling on leaves where they feed

Spider mites

Sucking mouth parts: soft bodies covered with cottony wax filaments

Mealy bug

Long multicellular, filamentous micro-organism containing cell walls.

Fungus

Rod-shaped micro-organism composed of strands of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

Virus

Single-celled micro-organism that comes in many shapes: composed of a membrane-bound cell

Bacteria