Global Test Review: Protestant Reformation to the Black Death

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers key individuals, events, and concepts from the Protestant Reformation, African history and geography, the Renaissance, and the Black Death as detailed in the lecture notes.

Protestant Reformation

A movement begun in the early $1500s$ against corruption and problems in the Catholic Church, leading to the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

A German monk and theologian who started the Protestant Reformation, wrote the $95$ Theses in $1517$, and believed salvation came through faith alone.

95 Theses

A list of complaints against Catholic Church practices, specifically criticizing indulgences and corruption.

Indulgence

A payment made to the Church in exchange for the forgiveness of sins.

Excommunication

The official act of removing an individual from the Catholic Church.

Counter Reformation

The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at stopping the spread of Protestantism and reforming abuses.

Council of Trent

A meeting held during the Counter Reformation that reformed Church abuses and reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs.

Jesuits

A Catholic group that worked to spread the faith through education and missionary work.

English Reformation

A series of events begun under King Henry VIII that led England to break away from the Catholic Church because the Pope refused his divorce request.

Act of Supremacy

The law that established King Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England.

Church of England

Also known as the Anglican Church, the national church established in England after breaking from Catholic authority.

Anti-Semitic Laws

Discriminatory laws against Jewish people that included forced living in ghettos, job bans, and expulsions.

Ghettos

Specific restricted areas of cities where Jewish people were forced to live.

Trans-Saharan trade

A trade network connecting North and West Africa where gold and salt were the primary trade items.

Clans

Groups of related families that share common ancestors, providing protection and identity in African social structures.

Bantu

A large group of African-speaking peoples who originated in West/Central Africa and spread across sub-Saharan Africa.

Bantu Migration

The movement of Bantu peoples that spread farming, ironworking technology, and languages across Africa.

Griot

An oral storyteller and historian in West African societies who preserved history and traditions through generations.

Islam in Africa

A religion spread through trade routes by Muslim merchants, leading to increased trade, the growth of cities, and the spread of the Arabic language.

Timbuktu

A city in West Africa that became a major center of learning and scholarship following the spread of Islam.

Mansa Musa

The ruler of the Mali Empire and one of the richest individuals in history, famous for his pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca.

Renaissance

A period meaning \"rebirth\" that began in Italy during the $1300s$, characterized by a renewed interest in Greek and Roman culture.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievement, encouraging education and creativity.

Perspective

An artistic technique used during the Renaissance to create a realistic sense of depth and three dimensions in painting.

Leonardo da Vinci

A Renaissance painter, inventor, and scientist known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Michelangelo

A Renaissance sculptor and painter who created the Sistine Chapel ceiling, David, and the Piet.

Niccol Machiavelli

A political thinker who wrote The Prince, arguing that leaders should do whatever is necessary to keep power and that \"the ends justify the means.\"

Black Death

A bubonic plague that spread through Europe in the $1300s$ via fleas on rats, killing millions and leading to labor shortages and the decline of feudalism.