HIST 1020 Jeske Final/exam 4

Total War

A war where the entire society (civilians, economy, industry) is involved in the war effort

Blitzkrieg

Fast, coordinated "lightning war" using tanks, planes, and infantry

Fascism

An extreme nationalist ideology with dictatorship, militarism, and often racism

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII

Allied Powers

Countries that opposed the Axis (US, Britain, USSR, etc.)

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack in 1941 that caused the US to enter WWII

United Nations (UN)

International organization created after WWII to maintain peace

Superpowers

Countries with dominant global military and economic power (US and USSR)

Cold War

A period of tension between the US and USSR without direct fighting (1945-1991)

Containment

US policy to stop the spread of communism

Truman Doctrine

US policy of giving aid to countries resisting communism

Marshall Plan

US program to rebuild Western Europe and prevent communism

Iron Curtain

Division between Western Europe and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe

NATO

Military alliance of the US and Western allies

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance of the USSR and its allies

Berlin Airlift

US effort to supply West Berlin during Soviet blockade (1948-49)

Proxy War

Indirect conflict where US and USSR supported opposing sides

Nuclear Deterrence

The idea that nuclear weapons prevent war because of fear of destruction

Korean War

Cold War conflict between North (communist) and South Korea (US-supported)

Three-World System

Division into First (US), Second (USSR), and Third (nonaligned) worlds

First World

Capitalist countries aligned with the US

Second World

Communist countries aligned with the USSR

Third World

Countries not aligned with either superpower

World-Systems Theory

Idea that the world is divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery

Global North

Wealthier, more developed countries

Global South

Less developed countries

Communism

Economic system where the state controls property and resources

Socialism

System where the government plays a major role in the economy

Soviet Union (USSR)

Communist superpower from 1922-1991

Maoism

Chinese form of communism under Mao Zedong

Glasnost

Gorbachev's policy of openness in the USSR

Perestroika

Gorbachev's economic restructuring reforms

Decolonization

Process of colonies gaining independence from European powers

Nationalism

Pride in one's nation, often leading to independence movements

Indian National Congress

Political party leading India's independence movement

Satyagraha

Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance

Quit India Movement

1942 movement demanding British leave India

Partition

Division of India into India and Pakistan in 1947

Nonaligned Movement

Countries that refused to side with the US or USSR

Bandung Conference

Meeting of nonaligned nations in 1955

Globalization

Increasing global connections in trade, ideas, people, and money

Bretton Woods System

System making the US dollar central to global finance

US Dollar Standard

Global reliance on the US dollar

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Organization to stabilize global economy

World Bank

Organization that gives loans for development

Trade Liberalization

Reduction of trade barriers between countries

Economic Development

Improvement of a country's economy and living standards

Migration

Movement of people from one place to another

Push Factors

Forces that drive people away (war, poverty)

Pull Factors

Forces that attract people (jobs, safety)

Urbanization

Movement from rural areas to cities

Immigration

Moving into a new country

Zionism

Movement supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland

Israel (1948)

Nation created for Jewish people after WWII

Palestine

Region where conflict over land exists

Nakba

Mass displacement of Palestinians in 1948

Refugee Crisis

Large numbers of displaced people fleeing conflict

Iranian Revolution (1979)

Overthrow of Iran's monarchy and rise of Islamic government

War on Terror

Global campaign against terrorism after 9/11

Al-Qaeda

Terrorist organization responsible for 9/11

Taliban

Group that controlled Afghanistan and supported terrorism

9/11

Terrorist attacks on the US in 2001

Populism

Political movement appealing to "the people" against elites

2008 Financial Crisis

Global economic downturn caused by US housing collapse

Soviet Collapse (1991)

Breakup of the USSR, ending the Cold War

Reform Movements

Efforts to change political/economic systems in USSR

Deng Xiaoping Reforms

China's shift toward a market economy

Chinese Economic Reform

Introduction of capitalism-like policies in China

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

US president during most of WWII

Harry Truman

US president who started containment and Cold War policies

Winston Churchill

British leader in WWII who warned of the Iron Curtain

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union during WWII and early Cold War

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany who started WWII in Europe

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader whose reforms led to the USSR collapse

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader who introduced economic reforms

Mao Zedong

Leader of Communist China after revolution

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence using nonviolence

Jawaharlal Nehru

First prime minister of India

Theodor Herzl

Founder of Zionism

Osama bin Laden

Leader of Al-Qaeda responsible for 9/11

Kim Il-sung

Leader of North Korea during Korean War

Ronald Reagan

US president during late Cold War