Contemporary Psychotherapies Test 3

religion

the organizational and community structures of wisdom traditions that generally include sacred scriptures or religious writings, and articulated doctrine of belief structure that describes the faith community's values and beliefs, and identified leader or spiritual model to emulate

spirituality

a "personal or group search for the sacred"

prayer and meditation have been reported to

improve participants; mental and physical health.

spiritual beliefs can promote individuals'

healthy coping when they face a personal illness or loss.

There is a positive relationship between spirituality and

general mental health

spirituality and religious affiliations can produce excessive

feelings of guilt.

Therapists should assess their own knowledge of spirituality and its role in therapy

If a client is of a faith the therapist is not a part of, the therapist should take action to learn more about it.

Spiritual or Religious Intervention Guidelines

Psychologists obtain appropriate informed consent from clients before incorporating spiritual or religious techniques or addressing spiritual or religious treatment goals in counseling.

Psychologists accurately represent to clients the nature, purposes, and known level of effectiveness for any spiritual or religious techniques or approaches they may propose using in treatment.

Psychologists do not use spiritual or religious treatment approaches or techniques of unknown effectiveness in lieu of other approaches or techniques with demonstrated effectiveness in treating specific disorders or clinical problems

Psychologists attempt to accommodate a client's spiritual or religious traditions in congruent and helpful ways when working with clients for whom spirituality or religion is personally and clinically salient

Spiritual or Religious Multicultural Practice and Diversity Guidelines

Psychologists make reasonable efforts to become familiar with the varieties of spirituality and religion present in their population

Psychologists strive to be self-aware of their own perspectives, attitudes, history, and self-understandings of religion and spirituality. Psychologists should be mindful of how their own background on spiritual or religious matters might bias their response and approach to clients or differing backgrounds

Components forming the basis of a spiritual assessment of clients

1. listen for clients' implicit spiritual language.

2. therapists should be cognizant of the fact that clients enter therapy at various phases in their spiritual journey.

3. Therapists should explore the content of clients' spirituality.

4. Therapists should seek an understanding of how their clients' spirituality is related to their social living

5. Therapists should understand how to evaluate the efficacy of clients' spirituality affects their lives

6. After all these steps have been completed, therapists weigh how spirituality might be addressed in treatment-whether clients' spirituality is well-integrated or disintegrated and whether it is contributing to clients' problems or offer potential solutions

3 stages of spiritual assessment

examining clients' past spirituality, exploring clients' current spirituality, and discussing clients' future spirituality

The ASERVIC List of 14 Spiritual and Religious Competencies

on page 397, table 15.3

Ethical considerations for counselors who are integrating spiritual or religious issues into their therapeutic approach

therapists must stay within their areas of competence. Therapists must avoid potential dual relationships, particularly when their clients are members of their own faith tradition. (406)

Four useful intervention techniques

continuation question, do something different technique, overcoming the urge to task, stability-as-changes intervention (414)

Beliefs espoused by solution-focused therapists about human nature, adaptive/maladaptive behaviors, and the importance of a pragmatic approach in therapy

(416-417)

The five basic stages of solution-building

(1) describing the problem - "How is this a problem for you?"

(2) developing well-formed goals - "What will be different when your problems are solved?"

(3) exploring for exceptions - "Tell me about the times when this problem is a little bit better."

(4) end-of-session feedback - agree with client, compliment the client, use client's words

(5) evaluating client progress - ask clients to rate their progress

Four guidelines for giving feedback to clients

Find the bottom line first. What tasks confront the client?

Agree with what is important to the client and what the client wants

Compliment the client for what they are doing that is helpful for solution building.

Use the client's words to stay within their frame of reference

three kinds of therapist-client relationships

visitor relationship, compliant relationship, and client in a customer relationship. (420)

visitor relationship

client is there involuntarily

compliant relationship

client and therapist have jointly defined a problem

customer relationship

client and therapist have jointly defined a problem and client accepts their role in the solution and seems motivated to work in therapy

Questions that a solution-focused therapist will ask clients in follow-up sessions as well as the EARS technique

(422)

Definitions of thin and thick descriptions of client stories and the differences between both types

(438)

The perspective of narrative therapists on psychopathology

they do not write about psychopathology, they raise the question, psychopathology from whose perspective? (439)

five stages of narrative therapy and the operations/purposes of each stage

problem definition, mapping the influence, evaluating and justifying the effects of the problem, identifying unique outcomes, restorying (440)

Definitions and operations/purposes of different narrative therapy techniques

Your alternative story

What alternative story would you like to write for yourself

Are there any people who might be pivotal in helping you develop an alternative story for your life.

Letter writing, outsider witnesses, and story deconstruction

(443-444)

Theoretical ideas from researchers Bateson, White, Epston, and Foucault that form the basis of narrative therapy

(433-434)

The process of deconstructing dominant narratives that can subjugate clients

cultural stories determine the form that our life narratives take. Narrative therapy assesses the influence of culture on clients' narrative stories. Clients are invited to assess how culture has affected their narrative stories. The clinician and the client map the influence if cultural discourse on the problem. Narrative therapy provides a framework for culturally sensitive counseling. It helps create change by heling clients' lives by helping them deconstruct the old problem story, to revision and create a preferred story. (444)

SBT perspectives on strengths as well as their relation to culture

strengths are fundamentally relationship oriented. Strengths come from consistently used pathways (453)

SBT perspectives on strength estrangement and weaknesses

the mantra for strength development is to promote strengths and manage weakness that may sabotage our strengths. (459)

Definitions and descriptions/examples of the three-prong process of strengths development

strengths narratives, cognitive component of strengths development, and lifelong and intentional process (458)

Factors and forces involved in the development of strengths

strength development is a lifelong process that involves a dynamic interplay of a number of forces, including neural pathway development, instruction, observational learning, and culture. Involves self-examination, reflection, and self-discovery. It is an intentional process. (458)

Theoretical influences on SBT approach

(452)

SBT perspectives on mental illness

positive emotions function as internal signals for a person to approach or to continue an activity. Mental illness takes place when a person's strengths are insufficient to deal with the threats to their well-being. Clinicians must focus on rebuilding their sense of competent and strengths. (460)

Definitions and descriptions of the phases of SBT

Phase 1: Developing a Strengths-Based Therapeutic Alliance

Phase 2: Conducting a Strengths Assessment and SWOB Analysis of Strengths, Adversities, and Opportunities

Phase 3: Eliciting Clients' Hopes and Dreams

Phase 4: Helping Clients to Create a New Strengths-Based Narrative and Plan

Phase 5: Forging a strengths-based personal identity

465-472

Definitions and descriptions of CLUES acronym for compassionate communication

Cultivate inner silence

Listen deeply for a client's story

Use positive words

Express appreciation

Speak warmly, slowly, and briefly

(466)

Definitions and descriptions of emotional cutoff versus differentiation of self versus family projection versus triangulation

489-491

Bowen's family therapy perspective on the development of psychological disorders

individuals develop behavior disorders or psychological symptoms because the stress in their lives exceeds their ability to handle it. Well-differentiated individuals are resilient and, therefore, more capable of handling stress. Psychiatric symptoms or family symptoms develop when the level of anxiety exceeds the system's ability to bind or neutralize it. To enable behavior change within a family, Bowenian therapists believe that the therapist has to increase family members' ability to distinguish between thinking and feeling and teach them how to use that ability to resolve family relationship problems

Bowen's family therapy techniques

genograms: consists of a visual representation of a person's family tree using geometric figures, lines, and words.

going home again: getting to know one's family of origin better.

detriangulation: involves the process of being in contact and emotionally separate

talk to the therapist, not to each other

person-to-person relationships: take place during therapy when two family members "relate personally to each other ; that is, they do not talk about others and do not talk about impersonal issues"

asking questions: questions about family members' births, deaths, marriages, and more. They learn where a family's equilibrium might have been disturbed when they asked about deaths.

(493-494)

Overall goals of Satir's family therapy approach

to increase family members' self-esteem for the purpose of changing the interpersonal system of the family. Believed roles have a major impact on the effectiveness of family functioning. (498)

Definitions of important terms from structural family therapy

Coalition: An alliance between family members against a third member.

Subsystem: exist to carry out different family tasks like the spousal subsystem, parental subsystem, and sibling subsystem

Boundaries and Family Mapping: Boundaries are physical and psychological factors that separate family members from one another. Mapping consists of various boundaries. Clear boundaries are composed of rules and habits that permit family members to enlarge their relationships with others within the family and encourage communication between them. Rigid boundaries are represented as inflexible and keep family members away from each other. Diffuse boundaries encourage independence. (504)

Definitions and descriptions of major techniques used in structural family therapy

Punctuation: the selective description of transaction in accordance with a therapist's goals

Unbalancing a system: when a therapist supports either an individual or a support system against the rest of the family

Enactment: takes place when the therapist "invites client-system members to interact directly with each other."

Boundary Making: the therapist welcomes the family to either straighten or loosen boundaries

Restructuring: a critical technique. It is the process of changing the family structure through enactment, delineating the boundaries, unbalancing, and the family lunch

Diagnosing: structural family therapists consider the identified clients' symptoms as an expression of the transaction patterns affecting the whole family.

(505-506)

Perspectives on disruptive children by Haley's strategic family therapy

their behavior continues because it is unconsciously or consciously supported and maintained by others withing the family system. (510-511)

Theoretical frameworks for the future of family therapy

postmodern family therapy has been conceptualized primarily from a solution-focused or a narrative therapy perspective. (488)

Major limitations of experiential family therapy

it relies on a highly involved therapist model where the therapist must be visible, take risks, and get involved with the family in the sessions. (501)

Differences between Bowen's approach and other family therapy approaches

Bowenians assert that they do not need to have the entire family present to bring about significant change within a family. Instead, change can be initiated by family members who can influence other members. The key to family change is differentiation of the self. The treatment process is a cycle in which a family member differentiates self, which transforms the family system, which results in further differentiation of the member and others. Family members are encouraged to establish a personal relationship with everyone in the extended family because this process facilitates self-differentiation. Moreover, by increasing the number of important family relationships, a person becomes more capable of spreading our their emotional energy. The family member no longer invests in their emotional energy in one or two family relationships, but rathe such energy is diffused throughout the family. The immature person has few opportunities for channeling their relationship energy; however a mature person has many channels of response and is much more flexible. (493)

Definition and description of theoretical integration

involves bringing together theoretical concepts from disparate theorical approaches, some of which may present contrasting worldviews. The goal is to integrate not just therapy techniques but also the psychotherapeutic theories as Dollard and Miller (1950) did with psychoanalysis and behavior therapy. Proponents of theoretical integration maintain that it offers new perspectives at the levels of theory and practice because it entails a synthesis of different models of personality functioning, psychopathology, and psychological change. (566)

Definition and description of assimilative integration

Involves grounding oneself in a view toward selectively incorporating (assimilating) practices and views from other systems. Assimilative integrationists use a single, coherent theoretical system as its core, but they borrow from a broad range of technical interventions from multiple systems. Practitioners who have labeled themselves as assimilative integrationists are as follows: Gold, Castonguay et all. (2004), who have advocated cognitive behavioral assimilative therapy; and (c) Safran, who has proposed interpersonal and cognitive assimilative therapy. (566)

Definition and description of neuroscience integration

neuroscience provides important denominators that pervade all psychotherapy approaches in one way or another. It deals with the human brain and all of its various subsystems. Most scholars acknowledge that the brain has a role in virtually most human problems and situations. The concept of neuroplasticity is important to therapy and counseling as belief in change is vital. The role of emotion in psychotherapy. Research in memory reconsolidation. (568)

Definition and description of eclecticism

an approach to thought that does not hold rigidly to any single paradigm or any single set of assumptions but rather draws on multiple theories to gain insight into phenomena. (566)

Definition and description of helping skills model

three stages of the helping process:

exploration which emphasizes attending listening, and reflection of feelings.

insight, which is based on psychoanalytic theory; therefore, skills such as interpreting and dealing with transference are stressed.

action stage, which is based largely on cognitive behavioral techniques.

Using the model training would focus on teaching graduate students techniques associated with each of these three therapeutic schools.

Definition and description of common factors approach

seeks to determine the core ingredients that different therapies share in common with the eventual goal of creating more parsimonious ad efficacious treatments based on their commonalities. This search is predicated on the belief that commonalities are more important in accounting for therapy outcome than the unique factors that differentiate among them. (567)

Theoretical schools and therapeutic approaches that are likely to increase or decrease the most in usage for the future

(570)

Main guidelines for developing one's own therapeutic orientation as a counselor

Have working knowledge of particular theories from which you will draw and a basic description of why each theory is important and relevant to you as a mental health counselor or therapist. It helps to write out your own integrated approach to counseling. You should demonstrate a balance between your knowledge of the particular theories from which you select and a genuine description of why each theory is important and relevant to you as a clinician or therapist. It is important that you examine in-depth your reasons for choosing the theory. (571-572)

The variables that are most determinative of a therapist's choice of theoretical orientation

Personality. More specifically, motivating styles, thinking styles, and behaving styles. (590-591)