Unit 7- APHUG

Cottage industry

manufacturing done in homes not factories

Industrial revolution improved:

• Iron tool production with steam engine

• Textile production using steam power

• chemical industria with bleached and dyed cloth

• Food processing with glass containers and canned food

primary sector

extract natural resources from earth

secondary sector

process/manufactory natural resources

tertiary sector

services that move, trade, sell products

quaternary sector

knowledge-based; research and development, teaching

quinary

highest decision-making level; CEO government officials

multiplier effect

a job’s potential to produce more jobs

Webber’s least cost theory

transportation cost, labor costs, and agglomeration benefits decide where companies would locate manufactory plants

bulk reducing industry

raw material is heavier to transport than the refired/finished product

bulk-gaining industry

product is heavier when finished

energy dependent industry

an industry that has such high energy demands, that factories are built near abundant cheap energy

agglomeration economies

many business in proximity share the cost of utilities (building assessable road)

labor dependent industries

industries that need people with specific skills

locational interdependence

where a factory is located depends on where other factories are

just intime delivery

inputted resources needed at an assembly manufacturing plant arrive right when they’re needed

front office

very expensive place were business higher-ups can be nearby and intact with other businesses

back office

low profile place where the rest of workers are at

offshoring

companies move their business places overseas cause its cheaper

outsourcing

hiring other companies to do your want/labor

Factors in locating a facility:

• large: state or states/region proximity to market, raw materials, labor supply, transport rhetoric

• Medium: city/neighborhood taxes, location of highways and railways, skilled workforce, quality of public services

• small: specific property land flatness, water and service access, highway and public transit rate

development

improving the conditions of people through knowledge/technology

developed country

very developed, further along the development continum

developing country

less developed, some progress toward development

Human development index HDI

measures level of development for a country through a standard of living, life expectancy, education

gross national income (GNI)

money from the output of goods/services in a country, includes money their leaves and enters a country

Purchasing power parity

amount of money needed more country to purchase the same goods/services in another country

Gross domestic product (GDP)

money from output of goods and services, not including money that leaves and enters the country

productivity

value of a product compared to amount of labor needed to move it

years of schooling for today’s adults

number of years a person 25+ years old has been schooled

• developed countries: 12.2y

• developing countries: 7.3y

expected years of schooling for today’s youth

average number of years on average 5 year olds all spend in school

Levels of development in regions:

• North America: very high

• Europe: very high

• East Asia: high

• Latin America: high

• Southeast Asia: medium

• South Asia: medium

• sub–Saharan Africa: low

• SW Asia and North Africa: high to low

• Central Asia: high to low

gender inequality index

number 0-1 states how much gender inequality is in a country (based on health

gender development index (GDI)

number 0-1 that measures how different women vs men’s HDI is (based on income, education, life expectancy)

adolescent fertility rate

number of births per-1000 women ages 15-19

• MDCs:16 per 1000 births

• LDCs: 48 per 1000 births

maternal mortality rate

number of pregnancy related deaths

microfinance (loan alternative)

in developing countries, small loans and financial services given to individuals and small businesses

Modernization model

a model of the shift from traditional to modern operations in society

Wallerstein World Systems theory/core periphery model

locational triangle

comparative advantage

country can produce good for cheaper than another country

complimentary

two parties trade with each other, as they both have goods that the other wants

trading blocks

several countries agree to a set of trade rules

newly industrialized country (NIC)

ex: China, India, Brazil, Mexico

transnational corporations

companies that operate in multiple countries

new internal division of labor

core countries- quaternary sectors,
middle income countries- manufacture goods
LDC - resources/minerals

neoliberal policies

reduce gov regulations and taxation on trade

tariff

when companies import goods in from other countries, they need to pay taxes (tariffs) to their own gov

international mandatory fun (IMF)

provides short term loans to countries

export processing zone (EPZ)

areas in a country where special neighbors exist to help for claim controlled businesses

maquiladores

(Mexico) freezones (Dominican Republic)

special economic zone

china

post industrial economy

they no longer employ lots of workers in a factory

Rust belt

experienced decline in economy population and was largely unemployed and in poverty

technopole

hub for high tech manufacture and info based industry

growth pole

attracts growth and economic development

spin off benefits

positive outcomes in addition to the main goal

backwash effects

negative outcomes in addition to the main goal

post-fordist methods of production

automated machines replace workers in assembly lines, who learn to do several different jobs in the factory to notate among workstations in a day

substitution principle

business maximize profit by substituting are factor of production for another cheaper option

ecotourism

tourism based on ecologically significant places