Business Flashcard (Professional English in Use Finance)

Flashcards — Professional English in Use Finance

currency

tiền tệ — The system of money used in a country (e.g. dollars

cash

tiền mặt — Physical money in the form of banknotes and coins. [BrE: note/banknote; AmE: bill]

bank deposit

tiền gửi ngân hàng — Money held in a bank account rather than as physical cash. [Most money in the economy exists as bank deposits

salary

lương (tháng) — Fixed regular payment made monthly by an employer. [Contrast: wages = lương theo giờ/ngày

wages

lương (theo giờ/ngày) — Payment calculated by the hour or day

commission

hoa hồng — Payment to salespeople as a percentage of the revenue they generate.

bonus

tiền thưởng — Extra payment for meeting a target or achieving good financial results.

dividend

cổ tức — A portion of a company's profits paid to shareholders.

pension

lương hưu / tiền hưu trí — Regular payment made to a retired person by a company or government.

budget

ngân sách — A financial plan showing expected income and expenditure over a period.

outgoings

các khoản chi / chi phí thường xuyên — Regular amounts of money a person or business must spend. [Includes rent

mortgage

vay thế chấp / khoản thế chấp — A long-term loan used to buy property

capital

vốn — Money used to start or run a business.

Banking

loan

khoản vay — A fixed sum of money lent for a fixed period

interest

lãi / tiền lãi — The cost of borrowing money

Corporate Finance

shares / equities

cổ phiếu / vốn cổ phần — Certificates representing units of ownership in a company. [BrE: shares; AmE: stocks]

shareholder / stockholder

cổ đông — A person or institution that owns shares in a company. [BrE: shareholder; AmE: stockholder]

share capital

vốn cổ phần — Money raised by a company through issuing shares to investors.

bonds

trái phiếu — Loans to a company or government that pay fixed interest and are repaid at a set date.

Accounting – Basics

debt

nợ — Money owed that will have to be paid to another party. [In accounting

liabilities

nợ phải trả / công nợ — Financial obligations a company owes to others. [Long-term: bonds; short-term: supplier debts]

working capital

vốn lưu động — Money available for a business's everyday expenses. [Also called funds]

revenue

doanh thu — All money coming into a company during a given period.

profit / earnings / net income

lợi nhuận / thu nhập ròng — Revenue minus cost of sales and operating expenses.

retained earnings

lợi nhuận giữ lại — Profits kept by the company rather than paid out as dividends.

financial statements

báo cáo tài chính — Documents reporting a company's financial position and performance.

balance sheet

bảng cân đối kế toán — A financial statement showing assets

assets

tài sản — Resources owned or controlled by a business with economic value.

profit and loss account

báo cáo kết quả kinh doanh — A financial statement showing revenues and expenses over a period. [BrE: profit and loss account; AmE: income statement]

accounting / accountancy

kế toán — Recording

bookkeeping

ghi sổ kế toán — The day-to-day recording of a company's financial transactions.

financial accounting

kế toán tài chính — Accounting that prepares financial statements for external stakeholders.

management accounting

kế toán quản trị — Use of accounting data by managers for planning and decision-making.

auditing

kiểm toán — Examining a company's accounts and controls for accuracy and compliance.

internal audit

kiểm toán nội bộ — An audit carried out by a company's own accountants.

external audit

kiểm toán độc lập — An audit performed by independent auditors outside the company.

creative accounting

kế toán sáng tạo (phi pháp) — Recording transactions in a misleading way to produce a false result. [Usually inflates profits; considered unethical or fraudulent]

double-entry bookkeeping

bút toán kép / kế toán kép — A system recording every transaction as both a debit and a credit.

debit

nợ (bên Nợ) — An entry on the left side of an account recording money paid out. [Contrast: credit (bên Có)]

credit

có (bên Có) — An entry on the right side of an account recording money received. [Contrast: debit (bên Nợ)]

debtors / accounts receivable

khoản phải thu / con nợ — Customers who owe money for goods or services already provided. [BrE: debtors; AmE: accounts receivable]

creditors / accounts payable

khoản phải trả / chủ nợ — Suppliers to whom the company owes money for purchases on credit. [BrE: creditors; AmE: accounts payable]

stock / inventory

hàng tồn kho — Goods held ready for sale. [BrE: stock; AmE: inventory]

trial balance

bảng cân đối thử — A listing of all debit and credit balances used to verify they are equal.

nominal ledger

sổ cái — The main book of accounts in British accounting.

Corporate / M&A

partnership

công ty hợp danh — A business arrangement where several people share risks and profits. [Partnerships in UK/US have unlimited liability]

sole trader

doanh nghiệp tư nhân / hộ kinh doanh — A business owned and operated by a single person with unlimited liability. [AmE: sole proprietor]

limited liability

trách nhiệm hữu hạn — Owners' responsibility for debts limited to the value of their investment.

legal entity

pháp nhân — An organization recognized by law as having its own rights and obligations.

corporate governance

quản trị doanh nghiệp — The system by which a company is directed and controlled for its owners.

managing director (MD)

giám đốc điều hành — The most senior executive responsible for running a company. [BrE: managing director; AmE: CEO (Chief Executive Officer)]

non-executive director

thành viên hội đồng không điều hành — A board member who is not a full-time employee and provides independent oversight.

audit committee

ủy ban kiểm toán — A sub-committee of the board overseeing financial reporting and audit.

Articles of Association

điều lệ công ty — A document stating the rights and duties of shareholders and directors. [BrE: Articles of Association; AmE: Bylaws]

public limited company (PLC)

công ty cổ phần đại chúng — A company whose shares are publicly traded on a stock exchange. [BrE: PLC; AmE: SEC-registered / listed company]

Corporate Finance

stock exchange

sở giao dịch chứng khoán — A market where shares in publicly listed companies are bought and sold.

Accounting – Basics

turnover

doanh thu thuần / doanh số — Total money received by a company from selling goods or services. [Also called sales revenue]

gross profit

lợi nhuận gộp — Turnover minus the direct cost of sales

net profit

lợi nhuận ròng / lợi nhuận sau thuế — Gross profit minus administrative expenses and tax.

Corporate / M&A

Annual General Meeting (AGM)

đại hội đồng cổ đông thường niên — A yearly meeting at which shareholders review company performance and vote. [BrE: AGM; AmE: Annual Meeting of Stockholders]

annual report

báo cáo thường niên — A yearly document sent to shareholders reviewing financial results and position.

Accounting – Basics

accounting policies

chính sách kế toán — A company's chosen methods for recording and reporting financial data.

GAAP

chuẩn mực kế toán được chấp nhận chung (Mỹ) — Generally Accepted Accounting Principles — the US framework for financial reporting. [US standard; most of the world uses IFRS]

IFRS

chuẩn mực báo cáo tài chính quốc tế — International Financial Reporting Standards — the global accounting framework. [Set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)]

historical cost principle

nguyên tắc giá gốc — Recording assets at their original purchase price

going concern

hoạt động liên tục — The assumption that a business will continue operating into the foreseeable future.

consistency principle

nguyên tắc nhất quán — Using the same accounting methods from period to period.

revenue recognition principle

nguyên tắc ghi nhận doanh thu — Revenue is recorded when earned (goods delivered)

matching principle

nguyên tắc phù hợp — Expenses must be recorded in the same period as the revenue they help generate.

conservatism principle

nguyên tắc thận trọng — When in doubt

provisions

dự phòng — Amounts deducted from profits to cover anticipated future liabilities. [E.g. provisions for bad debts or pension payments]

fixed assets

tài sản cố định — Long-term assets used in a business over many years (e.g. buildings

current assets

tài sản lưu động / ngắn hạn — Assets that will be used or converted to cash within a year.

depreciation

khấu hao (tài sản hữu hình) — Reduction in the book value of a fixed asset over its useful life.

amortization

khấu hao (tài sản vô hình) — Write-off of an intangible asset's cost over time. [Parallel to depreciation but for intangibles]