SVT P5 Muscle, ATP, and Glucose Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering muscle anatomy, cellular respiration pathways, fiber types, and blood glucose regulation.

Muscle Fiber

A muscle cell containing myofibrils and sarcoplasm.

Myofibril

An organelle inside the muscle fiber composed of myofilaments.

Actin

A thin myofilament involved in muscle contraction.

Myosin

A thick myofilament that uses ATP to pivot its head and cause muscle shortening.

Sarcomere

The structural and functional unit of a myofibril.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

The structure that releases $Ca^{2+}$ ions following a nervous message to trigger contraction.

Dystrophin

A protein whose gene mutation on the X chromosome leads to the degeneration of muscle fibers and myopathy.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose in the cellular cytoplasm yielding $2\,ATP$, $2\,NADH$, and $2\,Pyruvates$.

Krebs Cycle

A metabolic process occurring in the mitochondrial matrix that produces $6\,CO_2$ and $10\,NADH_2$.

Respiratory Chain

A process occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane that utilizes $6\,O_2$ to produce $32\,ATP$ and $6\,H_2O$.

Lactic Fermentation

An anaerobic metabolic pathway used by humans in the absence of oxygen to produce $2\,ATP$ and lactic acid.

Type 1 Fibers

Endurance-oriented muscle fibers with high mitochondria, high irrigation, high myoglobin, and high resistance to fatigue.

Type 2 Fibers

Fibers used for intense efforts like sprinting; they have low mitochondria, low irrigation, and use anaerobic fermentation.

Myoglobin

A protein that stores oxygen directly within the muscle.

Phosphocreatine

A molecule that provides a small stock of energy to quickly regenerate ATP in small quantities.

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose located in the liver and muscles.

Glycogenogenesis

The metabolic process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

Islets of Langerhans

Clusters of cells in the pancreas; specifically, the Beta cells destroyed in Type 1 diabetes.

Insulin

A hypoglycemic hormone that facilitates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver, muscles, and fat cells.

Glucagon

A hyperglycemic hormone that triggers the liver to release glucose into the blood.

Type 1 Diabetes (DT1)

An autoimmune disease where lymphocytes destroy insulin-producing Beta cells, resulting in a lack of insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes (DT2)

A condition characterized by insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia, often linked to lifestyle factors like diet and sedentariness.