Enriched chem: organic 2026

what is organic chemistry?

carbon based molecules

How many valence electrons does carbon have? How many covalent bonds can Carbon form?

4 valence electson and 4 covalent bonds

What do the prefixes like hex, hept, and oct tell us about a hydrocarbon?

the number of carbon atoms

How many bonds are the following:

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alyknes

Cycloalkanes

Alkanes- only single bonds

Alkenes- one or more double bonds

Alyknes- one or more triple bonds

Cycloalkanes- carbon atoms form a ring

What is saturated hydrocarbons and what are their properties

• full of hydrogen atoms

• all single bonds (alkanes)

• straighter Carbon chains

• stronger IMFs that unsaturated hydrocarbons

• Saturated fat from animals

  • soil and “unhealthy”

What is unsaturated hydrocarbons and what are their properties

• not full of hydrogen atoms

• has at least one double or triple bond

• bent carbon chains

• weaker IMFs than unsaturated hydrocarbons (because they don’t stack as well)

Steps to how to name hydrocarbons:

1. count the carbon atoms to find the prefix (on the periodic table)

2. Look at the C to C bonds for the ending (-Ane, -Ene -Yne)

Remember that for molecules with 4+ carbon atoms, place the number of carbon atoms where the double or triple bond begins

Ex.) 2- Butene

When drawing an isomer, where can’t you add a branch?

the frist or last carbon

steps how to name branched Alkanes

1. Find the longest continuous chain of Carbon (the “parent chain“ which is found by starting counting on the side closest to a branch)

2. name the branches (including the number of the carbon they attach to)

What is a functional group?

a pecific arrangement of atoms such as -OH or -NH2 that gives an organic moleucle certian properties

Properties of Halocarbons

• makes a polar region

• caontains a Halgon (I², Cl, Br, or I)

• makes the hydrogcarbon more solute in water

• increases the melting and boiling point

Properties of Alchools

• contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)

• makes a polar region

• allowes the hydrogcrbon to hydrogen bond

• makes the hydrgencarbon more soluble in water

• increases the melting and boiling points

Properties of Amnies

• contain an Amno group (-NH2)

• allows they hydrogcarbon to hydrogen bond

• makes the hydrgencarbon more soluble in water

• increases the melting points and boiling points

Properties of Carboxylic

• contain a carboxyl group (-COOH or -CO2H)

• makes a polar ergion

• allows the hydrocarbon to hydrogen bond

• makes the hydrocarbon more soluble in water

• increases the melting and boiling points

• H+ dissociates to form H3O in water

• only on the first or last Carbon of a chain

Ester

• contains a Carbonyl group (-COOC or -CO2C)

• formed from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an alcohol

• makes a polar region

• makes the hydrocarbon more soluble in water

• increases the melting and boiling points

• only in the middle

what is a Polyner

very large molecules built from chani or networks of smaller molecules (1000-50000 smaller molecules)

What is a monomer

the smaller molecle making up the polymer

Polymer strucutres and properties

The structure of polymer determines the properties of the polymer

• functional groups

• sewuence and type of monomers

• length of polymers chain

• branches can decrease ridigty and density

• crosslinking of chains can increase the volume

Polymers can be made of various patterns of nonmers

• all the same (AAA)

• repeating (ABABABA)

• Random (ACDREDAC)

What is High density polyethylene (HDPE)

• long straight chained strands makes it more ridigd

• use in bottle and milk jugs

• recyvling code

Low density Polyethylene (LDPE)

• Branched chains prevent them from being tightly packed together

• used in plastic bags and photographic film

Condensation polymerization reactions

The functional group on two monomers reacts and combine to form a polymer and releases a small molecule (usually water )

what dose cross linking do

forms bonds between polymer chains and they improve propeties strenght and heat resistance