METAMORPHOSIS

Metamorphosis

This means changes in shape or form undergone by most insects during their development

Exopterygota

These are insects whos immature have external wing pads

Endopterygota

Species with internal wing pads as larvae

NYMPHS

They are an immature form of an insect that shares the general appearance and lifestyle of the adult

Paurometabolous exopterygotes

In winged insects, nymphs develop external wings as they molt and grow

NAIAD

These are free living, aquatic predators that feed on other aquatic insects, including their own species

Aquatic larvae of odonta, ephemeroptera, plecoptera

NAIAD is distinctive to these species

Hemimetabolous exopterygotes

Aquatic larvae of odonta, ephemeroptera, plecoptera which are also labelled as?

Subimago

A stage in development of some insects (such as the mayflies) between the nymph and imago in which the insect is able to fly but becomes mature only after a further molt

Imago

Refers to the last stage of insect’s metamorphosis (adult stage)

Instar

Is the form of an insect after each molt

Ametabolous

Indicates no change in metabolism; body proportions and internal organs remain similar after each molt or ecdysis

Collembola and Thysanura

Examples for Ametabolous

Ametabolous

This occurs in primitive wingless insects belonging to order Protura

Collembola and Thysanura

What belongs under the order Protura?

Gradual Metamorphosis

A type of metamorphosis in which the pupal stage is lacking, and the adult insect has the same general body plan as the immature form

Paurometabolous

This type of gradual metamorphosis is a gradual type because the young undergoes slow but steady change in each molt until an adult form is attained

Paurometabolous, Hemimetabola

Two types of gradual metamorphosis

Paurometabolous, Nymphs

A gradual metamorphosis whose immature normally develop terrestrially. Their ______ closely resemble the adult except for body proportions

Exopterygotes

Some ______ are paurometabolous

Grasshoppers, Milkweed bugs

Examples of Exopterygotes

Hemimetabola

This is an incomplete type of metamorphosis wherein the change from immature to adult is not extreme and the immatures inhabit water.

Young/Naiad

In Hemimetabola they do not resemble the adult

Complete Metamorphosis

Majority of insect species, approximately 85% undergo drastic alterations during development, particularly between the immature and adult stages

Egg, Larva, Pupa and adult stages

In complete metamorphosis, the phases pass through in which sequence:

Holometabola

Complete Metamorphosis is also called?

Larva

Some refers to all immature instars, others restrict the term to the immature instars of holometabolous insects. They are wormlike and without compound eyes, but with one or more pairs of lateral ocelli

Pupa

An insect in its inactive immature form between larva

Eruciform, Vermiform, Campodeiform, Scarabaeiform, Elateriform, Platyform, Carabiform

What are the types of Larvae

Eruciform

This larva, with hypoganthous mouthparts, cylindrical bodies, short thoracic legs & abdominal prolegs, and a reduced or no caudal appendage

Caterpillars of Lepidoptera, Larvae of Mecoptera, Hymenoptera

Examples of Eruciform

Vermiform

These larva are wormlike, cylindrical and lack locomotory organs

Maggots of Diptera, Larvae of Siphonaptera

Examples of Vermiform

Campodeiform

These larvae have prognathous mouthparts, elongate flattened bodies, long legs and usually caudal appendages of some kind. Mostly active predators

Larvae of Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Trichoptera, Raphidioptera, Coleoptera

Examples of Campodeiform

Scarabaeiform

These larvae inhibit the soil or plant tissues, and some species are enclosed in tunnels. They are quite helpless grubs especially when exposed on the surface of the soil.

Hypoganthous

Scarabaeiform are ____ with a usually curved body, usually inactive or sluggish

Elateriform

These larvae are prognathous with a hard and elongated cylindrical body, with short legs and reduced body bristles

Platyform

These larvae are larvae that are broad and flattened. In some species are present but this is not always the case.

Water penny

Example of Platyform larvae?

Carabiform

This insect larva have short legs, short cerci and a flattened body.

Carabidae

The name for carabiform is derived from this where ground beetles belong

Adecticous, Decticous

Two types of Pupa

Exarate, Obtect

Two types of pupa under Adecticous

Exarate

Other appendages are free from the body.

Hymenopteran and Coleopteran

Examples of Exarate

Strepsiptera and Diptera

These are also exarate but enclosed in puparium (sclerotized cuticle of the last larval instar)

Obtect

Pupa that have appendages cemented to the body

Lepidoptera, Diptera

Examples of obtect

Ditrysia and Monotrysia

Obtect: Examples of Lepidoptera

Nematocera and Orthorrhapha

Obtect: Examples of Diptera

Exarate

Decticous pupa are always?

Pupa

Is the resting and inactive stage in all holometabolous insects. During this stage, the insect is incapable of feeding and is quiescent. During the transitional stage, the larval characters are destroyed and new adult characters are created

Obtect, Exarate, Coarctate

What are the three main types of pupae

Obtect

Various appendages of the pupa such as, antennae, legs and wing pads are glued to the body by a secretion produced during the last larval molt. Exposed surfaces of the appendages are more heavily sclerotized than those adjacent to body. e.g. moth pupa

Chrysalis, Tumbler

two types of pupa under obtect

Chrysalis

It is the naked obtect pupa of butterfly. It is angular and attractively coloured. The pupa is attached to the substratum by hooks present at the terminal end of the abdomen called cremaster.

Substratum, gridle

The middle part of the chrysalis is attached to the _____ by two strong silken threads called _____

Tumbler

Pupa of mosquito is called ____. It is an obtect type of pupa. It is comma shaped with rudimentary appendages. Breathing trumpets are present in the cephalic end and anal paddles are present at the end of the abdomen. Abdomen is capable of jerky movements which are produced by the anal paddles. The pupa is very active

Exarate

Various appendages are visible. The antennae, legs and wing pads are not glued to the body. They are free. All oligopod larvae will turn into exarate pupae. The pupa is soft and pale e.g. Pupa of rhinoceros beetle

Coarctate

The pupal case is barrel shaped, smooth with no apparent appendages. The last larval skin is changed into case containing the exarate pupa.

Puparium

In coarctate, The hardened dark brown pupal case is called?

Fly pupa

Example of Coarctate

Behavioral Responses, Mechanical Defenses, Autonomy, Chemical Defenses, Collective Defenses in social insects Immunity, Phenotypic Plasticity

Defense mechanisms that withstood the test of time

Behavioral Responses

Identify to which defense mechanism do they belong:

Hiding, Escape by flight or running, Firmly holding ground to fight, Flashing of bright colors to startle the predator, Feigning death or thanatosis/tonic immobility, Striking color patterns, like eyespots

Flashing of bright colors

Identify which behavioral response is shown

Feigning death or thanatosis/Tonic immobility

Identify which behavioral response is shown

Striking color patterns, eyespots

Identify which behavioral response is shown

Mechanical Defenses

• The highly chitinized and sclerotized cuticle

• Additional physical defenses include modified mandibles, horns, and spines on the tibia and femur

• Some insects uniquely create retreats that appear uninteresting or inedible to predators.

Caddisfly larvae

This species encases their abdomen with a mixture of natural materials like leaves, twigs, and stones.

Order Trichoptera

To which order does caddisfly larvae belong to

Autonomy

This is the shedding of appendage to distract the predators and giving the prey a chance to escape

Walking sticks, Harvestmen

Organisms that performs autonomy as a defense mechanism

Phasmatodea

To which order do walking sticks belong

Chemical Defenses

Defense mechanism that produces chemicals that harm predators

Assassin bug

These bugs inject venom directly into the victim, some will regurgitate saliva that contains protease, phospholipase and hyalurinase that may cause intense pain

Reduviidae

To which family do assassin bugs belong to

Fontanellar gun

The majority of termite soldiers secrete a rubberlike and sticky chemical concoction that serves to entangle enemies, called?

Wasp

These insects produce ant repellent substance

Collective defenses in social insects

Social structures that help prevent predation. Termites, ants, bees and wasps rely on a caste system to protect their nests

Immunity

The Aedes mosquito carrying dengue virus has immune response that protects them from possible harm caused by the viruses’ presence. It has no mechanism of eliminating the virus from its system, so it allows the virus to multiply and give them higher chance to complete their life cycle when transmitted to humans

Phenotypic Plasticity

The capacity of a single genotype to exhibit a range of phenotypes in response to variation in the environment

Nemoria arizona caterpillars

The cryptic pattern of these caterpillars changes according to season and is triggered by dietary cues (Phenotypic Plasticity)

Oak catkins or flowers

In the spring, the first brood of caterpillars resembles what?

Camouflage

This is the use of any combination of materials, coloration or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see (crypsis), or by disguising them as something else (mimesis)

Crypsis

This is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. The organism blends to its environment

Mimicry

The close external resemblance of an organism, the ___, to some different organism, the model, such that the___ benefits from the mistaken identity, as seeming to be unpalatable or harmful

Batesian and Mullerian mimicry

What are the types of mimicry

Batesian mimicry

Mimic is restricted to those palatable species to deceive the predator

Mullerian mimicry

Both model and mimic are unpalatable, and the ingestion of either by vertebrate predators result in the avoidance of both

Aposematic colorations

In Mullerian mimicry 2 or more unrelated noxious or dangerous organisms have close resemblance, thus exhibiting very similar warning systems, like?