AP II Final Exam Review

Which of the following statements is false

cardiac muscle control is neutral

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the

sarcomere

At rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by

troponin molecules

During the Cori cycle in the liver

glucose is produced from lactic acid

During activities requiring aerobic endurance

most of the muscle’s energy is produced in the mitochondria

Which of the following is not a function of smooth muscle tissue

forcing blood from the heart into the major organs

The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent fibers together is the

endomysium

At peak levels of muscle exertion the mitochondria can supply

only about 1/3 of the energy required by the muscle

Thin filaments at either end of the sarcomere are attached to the

Z line

Muscle tissue, one of the four primary types of tissue, consists chiefly of muscle cells that are highly specialized for

contraction

Which of the following statement incorrect?

sarcomeres can produce the most tension when stimulated over a relatively narrow range of intermediate resting lengths

The dense layer of collagen fibers that surround an entire skeletal muscle is the

epimysium

When energy reserves in a muscle are exhausted and lactic acid levels increase, ______ occurs.

fatigue

The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the _____ fiber.

slow

The most important factor in decreasing intracellular concentration of calicum ion after contraction is

active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

During the recovery period following exercise, all of the following are true, except

muscle fibers remain contracted

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

calcium ions

Creatine phosphate

acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue

Each of the following changes in skeletal muscles is a consquence of aging except that

muscle fibers increase their reserves of glycogen

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the _____ of contraction

latent period and contraction phase

The area of the sarcomere containing the thick filaments is the

A band

The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the

sarcoplasm

The ability of smooth muscle to function over a wide range of length is called

plasticity

Fast fibers

produce powerful contractions

Knowing that the myofibrils are attached at the Z line of the sarcolemma and at either end of the muscle fiber, when myofibrils get shorter, the muscle fiber

shortens

Skeletal muscle contracts only under stimulation from

the central nervous system

During muscle contraction, all of the following occur, except

hemoglobin concentration in muscle fibers increases

The pull called tension is a(n) ______ force

active

Which of the following hormones directly stimulates growth of muscle tissue and increased muscle mass?

testosterone

Which of the following muscles would produce the greater tension?

a muscle with 20 motor units active

Differences between skeletal muscle cells and typical cells include which of the following?

Skeletal muscle cells are larger than normal cells; skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated

When acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the muscle membrane becomes

more permeable to sodium ions

In order for a muscle to contract properly, it requires

oxygen, energy, an adequate blood supply, and nutrients

At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together to form either a bundle known as _____, or a broad sheet called an aponeurosis

tendon

Athletes usually go through a “warmup” period before engaging in an event. The reason for this “warmup” period would be to take advantage of

treppe

Receptors for acetylcholine are located on the

motor end plate

Muscles that position or stabilize an organ are called

extrinsic

Muscles with fibers that run parallel to the long axis of the body are called

rectus

Muscles visible at the body surface are often called

superficials

Which of the following is not a pennate muscle?

pectoralis

Muscles with fibers that run perpendicular to the long axis of the body are called

transversus

Muscles that insert on the olecranon process of the ulna can act to

extend the forearm

In a convergent muscle, fascicles converge on a common attachment site that may be a slender band of collagen fibers known as a(n)

raphe

A lever consists of

a rigid structure and a fulcrum

The most common lever systems in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the load. These are called _____ levers.

second-class

The fulcrum of a lever system is the

joint

A(n) ______ is a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement.

prime mover

Which of these phrases most aptly describes “muscle insertion”?

tendon attachment that moves

A muscle that assists the muscle that is primarily responsible for a given action is a(n)

synergists

The end of the muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts is called the

origin

A type of muscle whose action opposes that of another muscle is called a(n)

antagonist

A muscle that assists another muscle is called a(n)

synergist

The names of the muscles can indicate all of the following except

the collagen content of the muscle

Each of the following terms is a descriptive term for a muscle’s action except

sartorius

When the fulcrum is located between the load and the force, it is called a _____ lever.

first-class

Contracting the gastrocnemius muscles to elevate the body on the toes involves a _____ lever.

second-class

Muscles with fibers that run at an angle to long axis of the body are called

oblique

Muscles located close to the midline of the body may be called

medialis

Which muscle is named for either shape or size?

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi; vastus lateralis; deltoid

Muscles visible at the body surface often called

externus

Which of the following is not a muscle of the hamstring group?

quadriceps femoris

Most of the skeletal muscles in the body are

parallel muscles

A(n) _____ is a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement.

prime mover and agonist

Which of the following is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

the coracoid process of the scapula

Skeletal muscles in which the fascicles are arranged to form a common angle with the tendon are

pennate

Muscles that act as valves to open and close openings are _____ muscles.

circular

A general rule about the difference between an origin and an insertion is

the origin remains stationary while the insertion moves

The muscle that opposes the gastrocnemius is the

tibialis anterior

The infraspinatus has its insertion on the

greater tubercule of the humerus

_____ muscle fibers pull in different directions, rather than all pulling in the same direction.

convergent

A muscle that inserts on the greater tubercule of the humerus is most likely involved in

later rotation

The muscle that adducts and flexes the humerus is the

coracobrachialis

Deep muscles are called

profundus

Superficial muscles that position or stabilize an organ are called

extrinsic

Which of the following is not a muscle of the rotator cuff?

subclavius

Which of the following muscles compresses the abdomen?

transverse abdominis

All of the following originate on the scapula, except the

pectoralis major

A skeletal muscle can contract effectively until it has shortened by roughly

30 percent

Damage to the pectoralis major would interfere with a person’s ability to

adduct the humerus

If you bruise your gluteus maximus, you would expect to experience discomfort when

extending your leg

The removal of the trapezius muscle exposes the

rhomboid and levator scapaulae muscles

Which of the following muscles does not belong to the “hamstrings” muscle group?

sartorius

Damage to which of the following muscles would interfere with the ability to breathe?

external intercostals

Muscles including the term capitis would be found within or attached to the

head

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials

The heart pumps approximately _____ liters of blood each day.

8,000

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow

in one direction only

The cusps (leaflets) of the atrioventricular valves attach directly to

chordae tendineae

Contractions of the papillary muscles

prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria

When a blood clot forms on a ruptured plaque in a coronary artery, the condition is referred to as a(n)

coronary thrombosis

The _____ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.

bicuspid

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

left atrium

The heart is roughly the size of

a man’s clenched fist

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

right atrium

The heart beat approximately ______ times each day.

100,000

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the

bladder

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

filtration

The ____ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

mesentaries

Waves of muscular contractions that propel that contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the

epiglottis