A&P 2 McGraw Hill Chapter 21

In the bicarbonate buffer system, what acts as a weak base?

HCO3−

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

Ingesting calcium salts and high doses of vitamin D

What process can compensate for respiratory alkalosis?

Increase in secretion of bases by the kidneys

How does ADH in the blood influence water output?

The amount of water reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered.

How do buffer systems minimize pH changes?

By converting strong acids to weak acids

Which of the following would have a low water content? 

Adipose tissue

In terms of electrolyte concentrations, how does extracellular fluid compare to intracellular fluid?

ECF has higher sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations.

Compared to the body of an average adult male, the body of an average adult female will have __________

less water and more adipose tissue

The body of an average adult male is about __________water by weight

65%

One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), which dissociates into sodium ion and bicarbonate ion. Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient?

The bicarbonate ions bind to hydrogen ions in the stomach fluid, neutralizing the acid and raising the pH

What is edema?

Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid

What is an effect of drinking too much water?

Osmoreceptors gain water and swell; ADH release is inhibited.

In the phosphate buffer system, which compound is the weak base?

HPO4−2

How does activation of the renin-angiotensin system affect electrolyte balance?

It stimulates release of aldosterone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys.

A decrease in total body water of only __________ will trigger thirst

1%

Since hydrostatic pressure in cells and in the surrounding interstitial fluid is typically equal, what is the cause of fluid movement between these two compartments?

Osmotic pressure

What is the ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male?

2:1

Why are water balance and electrolyte balance considered to be interdependent?

Because electrolytes are dissolved in water

Someone has drunk 1,800 mL of water but worries they're not meeting the recommended daily water intake. What can they do to ensure they reach their goal?

Eat food containing at least 750mL of water

Which of the following can result in hypernatremia?

Insufficient ADH secretion

The thirst mechanism is usually not triggered until the volume of the body water has been decreased by 5–10%. True or false

False

Why are the chemical buffers considered the first line of defense against shifts in pH?

They can rapidly correct pH change.

An individual donated 10% of their total blood volume, the maximum amount allowed. How will this affect their thirst mechanism?

The loss of blood volume will stimulate stretch receptors in the cardiovascular system which stimulate the thirst center, increasing the sense of thirst.

In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times. True or False

True

What is metabolic water?

A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients

The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine. True or False

True

Which of the following processes releases hydrogen ions into body fluids?

Aerobic respiration of glucose

What acid-base imbalance results from hyperventilation?

Respiratory alkalosis

How does the respiratory system function as a physiological buffer?

By changing breathing rate, the PCO2 of the blood is changed, leading to a change in blood pH.

Antidiuretic hormone is released in response to a decrease in the osmotic pressure of blood.

True or False

False

Sometimes the carboxyl groups of proteins release hydrogen ions.

True or False

True

A patient underwent bariatric surgery involving the placement of a gastric band around the stomach, resulting in a reduced stomach volume. How will this procedure affect the patient's thirst?

They will continue to be thirsty after drinking.

Less water intake is needed to satisfy their thirst.

When proteins can acts as buffers, their -COOH groups can accept  H+  in the presence of excess acid, and their  −NH3 groups can release H+ in the presence of excess base.

True or False

true

Which of the following is a physiological buffer?

Renal mechanism

Hyperventilating during an anxiety attack can lead to respiratory acidosis.

True or False

False

Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

True or False

True

What blood pH occurs with the condition called acidosis?

Below 7.5

Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption from the renal tubules.

True or False

False

Dehydration can be caused by _________

prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea

An individual develops severe heartburn and takes nine sodium bicarbonate-based antacids, which is more than triple the recommended dosage. What acid-base imbalance could they potentially develop?

Metabolic alkalosis