Ch. 2: Human Body in Health & Disease

aden/o

gland

adip/o

fat

anter/o

before, front

caud/o

lower part of body, tail

cephal/o

head

cyt/o

cell

-cyte

cell

end-

in, within, inside

endo-

in, within, inside

exo-

out of, outside, away from

hist/o

tissue

histi/o

tissue

-ologist

specialist

-ology

the science or study of

path/o

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

-pathy

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

plas/i

development, growth, formation

plas/o

development, growth, formation

-plasia

development, growth, formation

poster/o

behind, toward the back

-stasis

control, maintenance of a constant level

-static

control, maintenance of a constant level

Anatomic Reference Systems

used to describe locations of structural units of body. Ex include: body planes, body directions, body cavities, and structural units

Anatomy

study of the structures of the body

physiology

study of the functions of the structures of the body

anatomic position

describes body standing in standard position: standing up straight, facing forward, holding arms at sides with hands turned so that palms face toward front

body planes

imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide body into sections for descriptive purposes. planes aligned for anatomic position

cephalic

toward the head

caudal

toward the feet

anterior

toward the front; forward part of organ

posterior

toward the back; back part of organ

vertical plane

an up-and-down plane that is right angle to horizon

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides body into UNEQUAL left and right portions

midsagittal plane

“midline” is the sagittal plane that divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves

frontal plane

“coronal plane” vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

horizontal plane

flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions -does not have to be equal distributions

ventral

front, or belly side, of the organ or body

ventral is opposite of ….

dorsal

dorsal

back of organ or body

dorsal is opposite of ….

ventral

anterior is opposite of ……

posterior

posterior is opposite of ….

anterior

the anterior surface of the body also refers to the ….. surface

ventral

the posterior surface of the body also refers to the ….. surface

dorsal

superior

uppermost, above, or toward the head

superior is opposite to

inferior

inferior

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

inferior is opposite to ….

superior

cephalic is opposite to …

caudal

caudal is opposite to …

cephalic

proximal

situated nearest to the midline or beginning of a body structure

proximal is opposite to …

distal

distal

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

distal is opposite to …

proximal

medial

direction toward, or nearer, the midline

medial is opposite to …

lateral

lateral

direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline

lateral is opposite to …

medial

body cavities

spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

dorsal cavity

located along the back of body and head, contains organs of nervous system and coordinate body functions. Divided into two portions: cranial cavity and spinal cavity

cranial cavity

part of dorsal body cavity. located in skull, surrounds and protects brain

spinal cavity

part of dorsal body cavity. located within spinal column, surrounds and protects spinal cord

ventral cavity

located along front of body, contains body organs that sustain homeostasis. it is divided into: thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity

homeostasis

the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

thoracic cavity

part of ventral body cavities. “chest cavity or thorax” it surrounds and protects the heart and lungs. separated by other body cavities by diaphragm

abdominal cavity

part of ventral body cavities. “abdomen” contains primarily major organs of digestion.

pelvic cavity

part of ventral body cavities. space formed by hip bones and contains the organs of reproductive and excretory systems

abdominopelvic cavity

refers to the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity as a single unit

inguinal

relating to the groin and refers to the entire lower area of abdomen. the groin is where trunk and upper thigh meet

Regions of the thorax and abdomen

descriptive system that divides abdomen and lower portion of thorax into 9 parts including: L & R hypochondriac, epigastric, L&R lumbar, umbilical, L&R iliac, and hypogastric

hypochondriac region

part of the regions of thorax and abdomen system that covers the lower ribs; below the ribs, consists of both RT and LT sides. lateral to epigastric region

epigastric region

part of the regions of thorax and abdomen system that is located above the stomach; superior to umbilical region

lumbar region

part of the regions of thorax and abdomen system that is located near inward curve of spine/ part of back between ribs and pelvis, consists of both RT and LT sides. lateral to umbilical region

umbilical region

part of the regions of thorax and abdomen system that surrounds the umbilicus

umbilicus

“navel” the belly button

iliac region

part of the regions of thorax and abdomen system located over the hip bones. consists of both RT and LT sides. lateral to hypogastric region

hypogastric region

part of the regions of thorax and abdomen system located below the stomach

quadrant

refers to the dividing of the abdomen into four imaginary sections termed quadrants: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

peritoneum

multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

outer layer of peritoneum that lines interior of abdominal wall

mesentery

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

viceral peritoneum

inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds organs of the abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

peritonitis

inflammation of peritoneum

cells

basic structural and functional units of the body

cytology

study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of cell

cytologist

specialist in study and analysis of cells

cell membrane

tissue that surrounds and protects contents of cell by separating them from its external environment

cytoplasm

material within the cell membrane that is not part of nucleus

nucleus

structure within cell that serves as control center for activities of the cell and aids cell division; it is surrounded by nuclear membrane

stem cells

unspecialized cells able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division; under certain conditions they can be transformed into cells with specialized functions such as insulin producing cells in pancreas

adult stem cells

“somatic stem cells” undifferentiated cells found among differentiated (specialized) cells in tissue or organ

embryonic stem cells

undifferentiated cells that can form any adult cell. they can proliferated indefinitely and can be transplanted without need for perfect match

gene

fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

genetics

study of how genes are transferred from patients to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

dominant gene

inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic

recessive gene

inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition; if only inherited from one parent, the offspring will not have the condition

genome

complete set of genetic information of an organism

chromosomes

genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell; made up of DNA molecules containing body’s genes