APHG - Models and Theories

Concentric Zone Model - Burgess

grows out from CBD 5 zones; 1. CBD 2. Zone of transition 3. Zone of independent workers homes 4. Zone of better residences 5. Commuters zone

Central Place Theory - Christaller

spatial distribution of hamlets, villages, towns and cities; urban hierarchy, range, threshold, hexagon shape - trade areas - where goods and services are located

Multiple Nuclei Model - Harris/Ulman

modern cities develop with many nodes; cities withing cities

Peripheral Model (Galactice City Model) - Harris

Edge cities - good ex for N. America. says- an urban area consists of a central area surrounded by other districts and places and enclosed by a major road (ring - I-275) -model points to problems of segregation that characterizes many suburbs

Sector Model - Hoyt

sectors, not ring, certain areas more attractive - as city grows expands outward; CHICAGO

Malthusian Theory

population growth relating to food supply 1. food grows arithmetically 2. population grows exponentially 3. population checks

Laws of Migration - Ravenstein

1. Most migrants travel only a short distance 2. Migrants traveling long distance usually settle in urban areas 3. Most migration happens in steps 4. Most migration is rural to urban 5. Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction 6. Most migrants are adults 7. most international migrants are young males, while more internal migrants are female 8. Economic motives dominate migration 9. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas 10. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults 11. Gender studies of migration indicate that men are more mobile, migrate farther, and have more employment choices and income than women

Agricultural Theory - Von Thunen

1. city center 2. market gardening 3. forest 4. grains 5. ranching

Demographic Transition Model

a process with 4 steps in which every country moves through, once a country enters a new stage it will not go back to a previous stage. Stage 1: Low Growth (high CBR&CDR, low NIR). Stage 2: High Growth (high CBR&NIR, low CDR)(happened due to industrial revolution)ex: Nicaragua. Stage 3: Moderate Growth(decreasing CBR,CDR,NIR)(happens when people decide to start having less kids) ex:Chile. Stage 4:Low Growth(CBR=CDR, has ZPG) ex: USA, England, Luxemburg. Stage 5:unofficial stage (low CBR, increasing CDR) ex: Germany, Japan.

Rostow's Development Model

says- all countries move through 5 steps to development and modernization through selling resources and global participation (productive). Step 1: Traditional Society:high in agriculture but unproductive and developed. Step 2:Preconditions of Takeoff:development begins with innovative leader who starts to buy technology. Step 3:Takeoff:Same areas start to produce and become productive and bring in $. Step 4:Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses and workers become more specialized. Step 5:High Mass Consumption: More specialized jobs and become consumers.

HDI

says-determines a country's development based on economic, social, and demographic indicators (given in %). Economic indicators- GNI per capita, Social indicator- Literacy rate ,Demographic indicator-life expectancy

Wallerstein World Systems Theory

says-the world economy has a 3 tier structure - Core: generates wealth in economy, high levels of education, technology, and salaries(RICH) ex:USA - Periphery:generates less wealth in world economy lower level of education, technology, and salaries(POOR) ex:congo - Semi-periphery: a buffer zone between core & periphery. ex: brazil, india, china, mexico. Core uses periphery for raw materials/labor. Periphery relies core.

Losch's Location Theory

says- manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit - agglomeration

Weber's Location Theory

says- says-manufacturing plants will be where costs are the least. ex:cheap labor, maquiladoras

Gravity Model

says-Distance and population size effect interaction between cities/countries -people will travel closer than far but large populations send more people. ex:china and india to US

Migration Transition Model

says-countries in stage 1 of DTM have internal migration -most sending countries are in stages 2-3 (international emigration) -most receiving countries are in stages 3-4(int'l immigration)

Malthus Theory

claims-that worlds population is growing much more quickly than earth's food supply (1798)

Borchert - Transportation Epochs

Epoch (1790-1830) 2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70) 3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920) 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70) 5) High Technology Epoch (1970-toda

Boserup

population growth forces an increase in technology in farming industry to meet the need. In opposition to Malthus.

Hartshorne - The Evolution of Boundaries

Types of boundaries - 1. Antecedent,- drawn before populated 2. Superimposed- doesn't take into account existing ethnic groups, 3. Subsequent- drawn after populated 4. Relict

Harvey - Space-Time Compression

Better/more efficient production has opened new markets and brought places closer. is similar to Space-Time Convergence (reduction of the importance of distance)

Huntington - Environmental Determinism

Climate and Terrain were a major determinant of Civilization. Your environment really sets boundaries on what you can do. Possibilism can override this.

Jefferson - Primate/Rank Size Rule

every country has a 'Primate City' (a city that dominates in economics, social factors and politics) Rank Size Rule - 2nd largest city is ½ the size of the Primate city, 3rd largest city is 1/3 the size of the Primate city and so on.

McGee model

Land Use in Southeast Asian cities. Old colonial port cities surrounded by a new commercial district with no formal CBD.

Clark - Economic Sectors

Industrial Sectors Primary- Extractive. Secondary- factories and industry. Tertiary- services. Quaternary: An activity that engages in the collection, processing, and manipulation of information. Quinary: - An activity that involves a managerial or control-function associated with decision-making in large corporations or high gov. officials.

Time-Space Convergence

The process, made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communication, by which distant places are brought closer together in terms of the time taken to travel (or send messages) between them.

Bid-Rent Theory

Theory how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases. Farther distances require greater transportation cost and thus reduce the amount of rent that can be paid. The land use that creates the highest return can offer the most for the location. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area, the more profitable it is going to be and the higher is its land value. When the cost gets too high certain land uses drop out.

Griffin-Ford Model

Model of Latin American City Spine Market in the center of town with a mall Squatter settlement on periphery

Harm de Blij - Model

Model of Subsaharan African city. Cities have 3 different CBD's.

Territorial Morphology

1) Compact State - the distance from the geographic center of the area to any point on the boundary does not vary greatly. 2) Elongated State - a state that is geographically long and narrow 3) Enclave - a state that is totally surrounded by another state. 4) Exclave - small portion of land that is separated by land from the main state.5) Fragmented State - a state that is split into many pieces, separated by land or water. 6) Perforated State - a state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state. 7) Prorupt (Protruded) State - state having a portion of territory that is an elongated extension leading away from the main body of the state.