Chapter 1 anatomy

Anatomy

The study of the structure/morphology of the
human body and its parts; derived from Greek for “a
cutting up

Physiology

The study of the functions of the human
body and its parts; derived from Greek for “relationship to
nature”

Subatomic Particles

protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells

Atom

tiny particles that make up chemicals

Molecule

particles consisting of atoms joined together

Macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules

Organelle

functional part of a cell

Cell

basic unit of structure and functions

Tissue

layer or mass of cells with specific function

Organ

group of different tissues with a function

Organ System

group of organs with common function

Organism

composed of organ systems interacting

Ultrasound

High-frequency sound waves that provide

images of soft internal structures; used to obtain

sonogram of fetus in the uterus

Magnetic Resonance Scan (MR)

Magnetic field changes

alignment and spin of certain types of atoms; provides

high-resolution images of internal structures, such as the

brain.

Internal environment

Environment within body

Homeostasis

Maintenance of constant internal environment

Interdependency of cells

Cells depend on each other

Structure and Function

Interrelated terms

Gradients and permeability

cells move from high to low, down pressure and concentration gradients, across permeable membranes

Cellular differentiation

Specialization of cells due to gene expression

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy production and nutrient cycling

Respiration

Making energy. Most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

Digestion

Breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

Circulation

Moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

Excretion

Removing waste products

water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

life requires what factors

Effector

muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment

Control Center

decision-maker that maintains the set point

Receptor

detects and provides information about the stimuli

Homeostatic Mechanisms

Self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed.

Negative Feedback

moves the variable in the opposite direction of the deviation from the set point

Effectors return conditions toward normal range

Positive Feedback

Blood clotting and the uterine contractions of childbirth

Short lived

the change/deviation is intensified instead of reversed

axial portion

head neck trunk

appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs

diaphragm

muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

mediastinum

region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

abdominal cavity

extends from the diaphragm to top of pelvis, and contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys small intestine, most of large intestine

Pelvic cavity

enclosed by pelvic bones and contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

visceral layer

inner layer, which covers an organ

parietal layer

outer layer, which lines wall of cavity

pleura

membrane around lungs in thorax

Pericardium

Membrane around heart in thorax

peritoneum

membrane around abdominopelvic organs

Integumentary System:

Body covering, protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, production of Vitamin D

Skeletal System

Support and movement, framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells

Muscular System

Support and movement, main source of body heat, of posture

nervous system

integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses and neurotransmitters; rapid short-term effects

Endocrine system

integration and coordination of organ function through chemical messengers called hormones; slower, longer-lasting effects

Anatomical Position

Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

supine

facing up

prone

facing down

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior or ventral

toward the front

posterior or dorsal

toward the back

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from midline

bilateral

paired structures; both sides of the body

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite sides

proximal

close to point of attachment to trunk

distal

farther from point of attachment to trunk

superficial

close to body surface

deep

more internal

Negative

What type of feedback provides a response that is opposite to the original stimulus

postitive

what type of feedback is provided when forming a blood clot when bleeding