MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (MTLE)

GENE

Basic unit of hereditary

GENE

A segment of DNA that encodes in its nucleotide sequence information for a specific physiologic property

GENE CLONING TECHNIQUE

Recombinant technology?

GENOME

Complete set of genetic instruction

CELL

Basic unit of life; contains 2 genomes of DNA

1. MOLECULAR LEVEL

2. CELLULAR

3. TISSUE

4. ORGANS

5. INDIVIDUALS

6. FAMILIES

7. POPULATION

8. EVOLUTION OF SPECIE

8 Levels of Genetics and Genomics are?

CHROMOSOME

Storage units of genes

AUTOSOME

Chromosomes that does NOT include genes that specify sex; 22 types

SEX CHROMOSOME

Bears the gene that determines the sex

LOCUS

Location of a gene/marker on the chromosome

ALLELES

One variant form of a gene / marker at a particular locus

PHENOTYPE

Collective structural and physiological properties of an organism

GENOTYPE

Chemical basis of variation in phenotype; alteration in the DNA sequence, within a gene, or within the organization of genes

1. TRANSLATION

2. TRANSCRIPTION

What are the (2) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

TRANSCRIPTION

The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains instructions for making a protein which are coped by RNA

TRANSLATION

RNA that uses the instruction to make a protein

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

The genetic material in your cells

FREDERICK GRIFFITH (1920s)

He showed that substance could be transferred to harmless bacteria and make the deadly. Ex: S. pneumoniae

OSWALD AVERY (1940s)

Concluded that DNA is the substance that controls the characteristics of organism

• ALFRED HERSHEY

• MARTHA CHASE

Did experiments with viruses and bacteria. They confirmed that DNA has genetic material

ROSALYN FRANKLIN

Using high resolution xray (first to describe DNA is a helix)

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

Proteins that cleave DNA at specific sites giving rise to DNA restriction fragment

PLASMID

Identified as small genetic elements carrying genes capable of independent replication in bacteria and yeast

INTRONS

Intervening sequences of DNA that are missing in processed mRNA when it is translated

NUCLEIC ACID

Stores genetic information

NUCLEOTIDES

Nucleic acids are built in small units called ___?

1. NITROGENOUS BASE

2. FIVE CARBON SUGAR

3. PHOSPHATE GROUP

Nucleotides are consist of (3) parts:

1. PURINE

2. PYRIMIDINE

2 Kinds of Nitrogenous bases?

PURINE

Double ring (Adenine and Guanine)

PYRIMIDINE

Single ring (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)

• DNA

• RNA

2 Types of Nucleic Acid are? 

DNA

Double helix / strand

DNA

Uses Chargaff’s rule

DEOXYRIBOSE

What is the sugar of DNA?

NEGATIVE

Charge of DNA is _____?

DNA

A polymer composed of individual nucleotide

• ADENINE TO THYMINE

• GUANINE TO CYTOSINE

What are the strands of DNA?

RNA

Single helix / strand

RNA

Used by cells in making protein using genetic instructions encoded in DNA

RIBOSE

What is the sugar of RNA?

• ADENINE TO URACIL

• GUANINE TO CYTOSINE

What are the strands of RNA?

NUCLEOTIDES

Structural building blocks of nucleic acid

• PENTOSE SUGAR

• PHOSPHATE GROUP

• NUCLEOSIDE

• NUCLEOTIDE

4 Composition of Nucleotides are:

PHOSPHORIC ACID + BASE

Phosphate group is derived from?

PENTOSE SUGAR + NITROGENOUS BASE

Nucleoside is derived from?

NUCLEOSIDE + PHOSPHATE GROUP

Nucleotide is derived from?

C1 OF SUGAR

Nucleoside base is attached to?

C5 POSITION

Nucleoside PO4 is attached to?

ERWIN CHARGAFF’S RULE

States that the amount of A is similar to the amount of T, and the amount of G is similar to the amount of C

34 A LONG

Each complete turn of helix is ____? 

20 A

The double helix has a diameter of ____?

• JAMES WATSON

• FRANCIS CRICK

Discovered that DNA has double helix shape consisting of two polynucleotide chains held together by bonds between complementary bases

SEMI-CONSERVATIVE

DNA replication is ______?

1. mRNA

2. rRNA

3. tRNA

3 Main types of RNA: 

mRNA

Copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus and carries to the cytoplasm

rRNA

Helps form ribosomes where proteins are assembled

tRNA

Brings amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined together to form proteins

1. RNA IS SMALLER TO DNA

2. CONSISTS OF ONE NUCLEOTIDE CHAIN INSTEAD OF TWO

3. CONTAINS THE NITROGEN BASE (URACIL) INSTEAD OF (THYMINE)

4. CONTAINS THE SUGAR RIBOSE INSTEAD OF DEOXYRIBOSE

4 Differences of RNA between DNA?

DNA DENATURATION

Ability to separate the two strands by disruption of H bonds by high temperature (95 deg C), low salt concentration, or high pH in vitro

SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF DNA

Can be slipped (tandem repeats, cruciform or paired stem loop and triple helix)

30%

(%) Percentage of Cytosine?

30%

(%) Percentage of Guanine?

20%

(%) Percentage of Thymine?

20%

(%) Percentage of Adenine?