Part 3 ENS study guide

Basic vs Applied Research

Basic: Funds a lot of money. Expand body of knowledge. Broad application. Scientific value No direct commercial value. Small Subject lab setting. Cells and animals From basic to applied (early research and to develop more applied). Controlled

Applied Research: Used directly and specific application, commercial value. field settings, human subjects. Observed not controlled.

Scientific Method

A systematic process of investigation!

1. Observation : Leucine the amino acid stimulates MPS post weight training

2. Hypothesis: Do vegans provide enough Leucine to support muscle growth

Ask the question then test the hypothesis

1. Experiment

2. Analysis

3. Conclusion

4. Disseminate

Research Commissioners!

Government, Business or institutes

Government: Does more basic research, funds alot of money for this. Conduct in-house through specialized branches or institutes. Commission Universities, obligies to allocate funding towards basic research.

Commercial Business: Conduct in house in R&D department. Low external validity. Pairs with schools to earn extra commission.

Universities: Commission to conduct research by gov, business, and other organizations (when unable to do inhouse measures), actually hire another university to do research for us.

David Kahn

• Field: Real Health Promotion Research: Sociology

• subdisciplinary research: Sociology

Study: Religiosity and physical activity participation in school children. wants to enhance physical activity in schools (steps)

Currently: content analysis of physical promotion, see trends and see

Eric Post

• Field: Real Health Promotion Research:

• subdisciplinary research: Sociology/ Sports Medicine

• Study: Youth Sports volume. He specifically looks at the requirements for certified athletic trainers in public high schools, and he studies the causes and effects of early sport specialization in youth athletes.  

Use sport safetly, specializatin, and why. he currently surveys why the current youth culture look the way it does. going out with students and talking to people directly and sports events

Ashley Johnson

Field: Real Health Promotion Research: Psychosocial  

Subdisciplinary Research: psychosocial/psychology

Study: studies physical activity promotion with a focus on community-based interventions and youth populations. Her research uses mixed methods to evaluate the role of sports in promoting physical activity and the psychosocial factors that influence school-based sports participation. Prevalence (larger population). works with schools. students that are competent feel better about activities.

• physical activity promotion in rural children

• see all perspectives on fitness test

• Why are people not active?

Jenny Green

Field:Real Health Promotion Research: Psychosocial  

subdisciplinary focus: psychosocial

teaches ENS 343.

digital health to measure outcomes. help disparities. paired with new device and measures. work with different moble apps. African American Moms

Study: yoga, meditation, and digital tech on prenatal outcomes in black women

Mike Buono

FIeld: Real Fitness Research: Exercise Physiology

Focus: Exercise Science and Fitness

Study: thermoregulatory responses to Bikram Yoga.

Sweats glands and heat. Exercise 75% come out as heat.

• Dr. Michael Buono is a world-renowned exercise physiologist who studies thermoregulation during exercise (heat accumulate). He conducts research to learn the effects of temperature, humidity, altitude, and other environmental factors on thermoregulatory responses to a variety of exercise types. Has environmental chamber! Millitary

Mark Kern

Field: Real Disease Prevention Research: Exercise Physiology

Subdis Focus: (nutriton) Physical activity and health/ exercise physiology

Study:

• nutrition and exercise interventions on disease prevention, fitness, and performance) only crossover faculty 

is particularly interested in the effects of diet and exercise on metabolic status (i.e., blood and bone health) and on exercise performance. His portfolio includes studies on refined sweeteners (e.g., honey, agave nectar, dextrose, and more), oils, and functional food compounds found in plums, mushrooms, mangos, strawberries, watermelon, eggs, miracle fruit, pistachios, chocolate, pullulan, and raisins. 

• studies diabeties, does studies with other faculty

• Interventions (human): what happens to their metabolism

• the effects of E centric (jumping off a box) after having a glass of milk.

Dan Cannon

Field: Real Rehabilitation Research: Exercise Physiology

Subdis: Clinical Exercise Physiology

Study:

• pulmonary function and disease

concentrates on pulmonary disease research and exercise intolerance. Exercise intolerance is the strongest predictor of mortality in health and disease, and we are interested in how the skeletal muscle energy supply is disrupted in chronic illnesses, such as heart and lung disease.

• airway resistance in pulimary airway machine box

• animal research (mitochondrial physiology), energy tunrover

• Understanding the mechanisms of intolerance is crucial for providing effective rehabilitation. We use a combination of non-invasive measurements, such as spirometry, electromyography, and isokinetic ergometry, to measure how dysfunctional lung mechanics affect muscle power and exercise tolerance. 

Sean O’Connor

Field: Real Habilitation Research: Motor Control

Sub Dis: motor control

Research: focuses on the biomechanics and control of locomotion and the development of movement health sensing technologies. He aims to apply this knowledge toward strategies for improved balance and mobility with aging. has muscle machine to detect muscle stiffness, and muscle force

Study: balance retention and aging

Why does balancing get worse with age?

Frankie Wade

Field: Real Habilitation Research: Motor Control 

Subdis: Biomechanics of Aging Mobility

Study: biomechanical responses to balance disturbances in older adults

How are mind affects our balance

research: where she studies how older adults adapt their walking—speeding up, slowing down, or recovering from sudden disturbances. Her current research focuses on what happens when walking is unexpectedly interrupted, such as by a trip or startle. Using specialized treadmills and trip boards, she examines how age-related declines in propulsion, balance control, and confidence affect recovery.

• Asymmetries when walking, ROM

Her goal is to translate these findings into practical interventions—like propulsion training or perturbation-based balance programs—that help preserve independent mobility in older adults.

Sasha Reschechtko

Field: Real Disease Prevention Research: Exercise Physiology

Subdis: Motor and sensory

Study: grip reflexes and compensatory movement- early characterization

research:

• where he studies how the motor and sensory systems of the hand interact to shape movement and perception (sense of touch) process of moving and how they touch that. His research explores how the hand’s physical and neural structures influence coordination, dexterity, and tactile control—using tools such as motion capture (bones start to move), electromyography, and sensory manipulation to understand how we grasp, feel, and adapt to changing feedback. By examining multi-finger synergies, tactile-motor reflexes, and force stability under sensory loss,

• Work with healthy adults

• Dr. Reschechtko’s work sheds light on how humans maintain skilled performance even when sensory input is compromised. This line of research has important implications for neurological diagnostics and rehabilitation, offering insight into early markers of sensory decline, neuropathies, and movement disorders. Ultimately, his work bridges neuroscience, biomechanics, and clinical health by linking the science of touch and movement to strategies that preserve or restore hand function across the lifespan.

Daniel Goble

Field: Real Sports Medicine Research: Motor Control

subdis: motor control

Study:

• concussion evaluation by portable sway detection; a more objective measure than the more subjective BESS test

• Work with healthy but then sports

Research: He developed software compatible with low-cost, portable force plates, specifically the Wii Fit Board, to measure subtle sway abnormalities. Dr. Goble's studies are designed to validate the software and Wii Board device as a more accurate and sensitive method to detect sway, thus sideline concussions.

Michelle Weber-Rawlins

FIeld: Real Sports Medicine Research: Psychology

Subdis: science and sport medicine

Study:

• concussion reporting practices and effects in Rugby players

Research:

• PhD, ATC, conducts research investigating the role of psychological and cultural factors in sports medicine. Dr. Weber Rawlins’ research focuses on concussions, specifically aiming to understand what factors lead to concussion disclosure (regonize appropriate care). When to disqualify athletes

• Dr. Weber Rawlins also conducts post-concussion research to learn about the nutritional practices, academic adjustments, driving, and mental health outcomes that occur as a result of concussion care. 

ABSRACT in an article

an illustration displaying all study data in one paragraph

B. a summary of the entire research article

C. the author’s disclosure of competing financial interests

D. a table of potential statistical errors in the article

Physical Activity Participation Barriers (Sociology) Article

• Research Question:
  Why do African American females face barriers to physical activity (especially hair concerns)?

• Treatment:
  Surveys / interviews

• Measures:
  Participation levels, reported barriers

• Outcomes:
  Hairstyling + cultural/social factors reduce activity

Before School Run Club (Psychology – Mahar) Article

• Research Question:
  Does a morning run program improve student behavior/attention?

• Treatment:
  Before-school running program

• Measures:
  Classroom behavior, attention, academic engagement

• Outcomes:
  Improved focus and on-task behavior

Resistance Exercise & Protein Source (Exercise Physiology)

• Research Question:
  Do plant vs animal proteins (whey and rice protein) affect muscle (growth) outcomes differently?

• Treatment:
  Resistance training + different protein sources

• Measures:
  Muscle protein synthesis, strength, body composition

• Outcomes:
  Similar or slightly different muscle responses depending on protein. both had basically no detectable differences

Calcium Retention & Resistance Exercise (Kern) Article

• Research Question:
  Does resistance exercise improve calcium retention/bone health? Does high-impact and resistance exercise reduce urinary calcium excretion compared to restricted activity?

• Treatment:
  Resistance exercise (e.g., stair climbing)/ Exercise (EX): jogging + resistance training + jumping

• No Exercise (NE): restricted physical activity

• Same diet (milk/calcium controlled)

• Measures:
  Calcium retention, bone markers

• Urinary calcium excretion

• Urinary sodium excretion

• Physical activity (steps, logs)

• Outcomes:
  Exercise improves calcium retention → better bone health.

Exercise & Parkinson’s Disease Article

• Research Question:
  Does tango improve balance/gait vs other exercises in PD patients? Exercise and Parkinson disease: Comparing tango, treadmill and stretching

• Treatment:
  Tango vs treadmill/stretching + Assessments occurred off anti-PD medication before and after the intervention and at follow-up 12 weeks after the intervention.

• Measures:
  Balance, gait, mobility

• Outcomes:
  Tango no significant changes

• Forward velocity and backward velocity improved for the treadmill group, post treatments had a follow up

• Backward velocity and motor functioning improved for the stretching group, post treatments no follow up

Stroke Rehab Gaming Tech (Biomechanics) Article

• Research Question:
  Can gaming/tech at home improve rehab upper extremity after stroke?

• Treatment:
  A purposeful sample of ten persons with moderate to severe upper extremity motor impairment used the NGT intervention in their home for four weeks and completed nested (pre and post) one-on-one interviews. Written transcripts from the interviews were coded and themes were identified to address stated objectives.

• Measures:
  Motor function, movement ability. Participants found NGT to be engaging and motivating, but reported minimal changes in the functional uses of their upper extremity.

• Outcomes:
  Improved engagement however not enough research done for this

Learning Narrow Beam Walking (Motor Learning – Domingo) Article

• Research Question:
  Does physical guidance improve learning balance skills on narrow beam?

• Treatment:
  Assisted vs unassisted beam walking (narrow and wide beam)

• Measures:
  Errors, balance performance

Outcomes:
Assistance affects learning (hinder long-term learning). Subjects in Unassisted groups had greater performance improvements in walking balance from pre to post compared to subjects in Assisted groups. These results suggest that physical assistance can hinder motor learning of walking balance. assistance appears less detrimental for more difficult tasks, and task-specific dynamics are importantto learning independent of error experience.

Pre-Season Shoulder Flexibility (Biomechanics – Rauh) Article

• Research Question:
  Does flexibility relate to injury risk?

• Treatment:
  Pre-season flexibility assessment

• Measures:
  Shoulder flexibility, injury rates within youth and adolescence

• Outcomes:
  Poor flexibility linked to higher injury risk. Adoloscence were at risk for inury during the season.

3.2: Most reliable Literature Search

Has to be reliable. Digital productions —> Scholarly articles, peered reviewed.

Information Sources: Google

Not cAsE sensitive, but still more effective with operator (later)

Rotating ads feel busy

Relatively weak filters. To add specificity, go to Tools < Verbatmin

Sort by relevance by default

Features “snippets”

Information Sources: Google Scholar

Searches institutional respositories only

not always peered review

Helpful paper metric feature

Use library account (edu)

Pub Med

• Better than google scholar

•  It can be filtered by article type (original research, review articles, Meta-Reviews) and by study design (trial, clinical trial, etc.). PubMed also houses/yields mostly peer-reviewed health science publications, and it's free to access, so you have it forever. 

• Filters:

  • Time

  • Article type 

    • Original research (observational, experimental, r. Controlled trial). Original research (milk vs soy, whey v rice ). Than someone summarizes all of that and get Reviews and current study in the field

    • Reviews

    • Meta Analysis

    • Species

    • Gender

    • Age

SDSU Library Subject Guide Databases

SDSU Library: One search, subject guides, databases A-Z

• CINAHL to demonstrate discipline-specificity. Journal articles, book chapters, dissertations, conference proceedings, care plans, and pamphlets. Nursing and other allied health fields.  Cited reference searching available. Pre-CINAHL contains in-process material for CINAHL

• SportsDiscus (EBSCO): Journal articles, conference papers, dissertations, curricular material, documents, and more.

• Pedro: PEDro is the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. PEDro is a free database of over 33,000 randomised trials, systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines in physiotherapy

Boolean Operators

AND, NOT, OR ,TRUNCATE

• Quotation Marks: Put phrases together as one search. Narrows down search.  Search results yield only the words together and not separately.

• Parenthesis: Puts things in groups, keep related words together. (“Vegan Bodybuilding” OR “Muscle Growth) one thing or another or both.  You can combine synonyms within each column with the word OR and parenthesis.

• OR:  expands search (sweep in)

• AND: show results with both two things. Combining both columns, narrows shifts.

• NOT: Excludes things

• TRUNCATE: to get all word endings (** grabs anything in that realm), instead of writing OR over and over again.

Article Types—Example

Original Articles (Landmark): 2009. Basic responses. They are looking it, just a descriptive study for multi protein and soy.

Review Articles: Taking whatever was in the Original and bringing it to their own question. Different exisitng studies and combines the original articles—looks at big picture

Meta- Review Articles: Summary of all the different articles plus math.

 Contents and purpose of each section in an original research article

first info:

Title, Affiliations/Funding, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, and Works Cited.

• Some articles may use slightly different headings or combine multiple parts into one section, like ‘Results and Discussion.’. its 3-10 pages long

• sta

• Title

  • Indicates article type and study design.

  • If words effects is in there= it is experimental

  • Will always be conflict of interest, authors, institutions,  (mix fundings and connections) This concept encompasses professional judgment concerning a primary interest that tends to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest

• Abstract

  • Every article has. Very short and helpful. First sentence of background (purpose) and conclusions.

  • Useful t see if relevant, PICO method. First, read the purpose, then the conclusion. If you need more, skim the results (look past stats) and methods to learn what was measured and what was found.

  • 400-500 words summary of the study

  • includes every section of the article and key words

• Introduction

  • states importance of topic

  • highlights relevant search

  • states purpose/aim

  • states hypothesis (deductive reasoning)

• Methods

  • Methodology, materials, methods, study design, experimental design

  • written in past tense

  • sectioned by study measured

  • statistical analysis

• Results

  • Sometimes included in discussion

  • conveys data and statistics (read the graphs)

  • includes texts and figures

  • Same subheadings and methods.

  • Sometimes come in discussion (otherwise free of interpretation)

• Discussion (opp of introduction)

  • sometimes presented with results \

  • sectioned by study measures

  • inductive reasoning (bigger picture)

  • highlights relevant research

  • limitations of studies

PICO method

helps identify key articles concept

Population: Young, weigh-trained males

Intervention: 12 wk supplement, post resistance exercise

Comparsion: Whey and Rice protein

Outcomes: Muscle Mass and Strenght

Study Types

• Descriptive (Non-comparitive): describes one group or situation

• Analytical (discriminative): Compares two or more groups

• Experimental:

  • Measures Systematic effect of treatment intervention, Effect (causility) randomized controlled trial.

  • Randomized controlled trials (RCT) are considered the gold-standard design because causation can be implied. Sample titles that indicate an experimental design- For example, “Effects of” assistance on learning narrow beam walking 

• Observational:

  • Observational and descriptive studies do not experiment. (Like Buono’s Bikram Yoga and Rauh’s ROM study) Cross-sectional studies measure relationships.

  • These studies are useful for validation studies, but they do not establish cause and effect like experimental studies

  • not an experiment, no intervention or treatment, just as it exist

    • Cross sectional and survey: Measures things as they are naturally

Cross sectional:

• Aim is to identify associated factors or relationships

• Popular to validate methods and measures Describe variables in respect to other factors

Often uses surveys/questionnaire

• Analysical cross-sectional study

• Population

• Resistance

• Training Hours

• Muscle M

2. Case Report (i.e., Case Series)

Define or quantify occurrences, diagnosis and treatments Used in clinical settings

Often qualitative without statistics

Narrow context, low external validity and often subjective

FTC vs FDA roles in regulating product claims

FTC: Federal Trade Commision: ads and claims

• The FTC gets companies to sell products for fraudulent claims, such as outwardly false and unsubstantiated statements.

  • Showed a green coffee bean extract supplement that [started] the downfall of the Dr. Oz show) Pure Health, a subsidiary of Genesis, and Lindsay Dunkan, the business shark

  • Nutrition Claims thare are approved: Statements that are backed up by evidence and reasoning (disseminated by scientific communities) (Features and benefits: 20 calories per can, infused with Apple Cider Vinegar, immunity sidekick).

FDA: Food and Drug administration: product and safety

• The FDA’s role in foods is to approve ingredients for use and standardize required nutrition labeling. They regulate the use of SOME health claims, but not nearly everything is written on food.

  • Reviewed Poppi Drink claims and several other cases where the FDA reprimanded companies for misleading labels (Gerber Infant Formula, Cheerios, Eukanuba Dog Food, Rice Krispies).

  • FTC puffery (false claim cases): restricted CCPS (Consumer Product Claims)

    • False or misleading “an excellent Source of

    • Elicit Fear “Eliminate__fast”

    • Promote excessive consumption: “More__benefit”

    • Promote insufficient consumption: “__is the only way”

Regulate: Food Labeling, Food Ingredients

Focus: Safety & labeling of products

• Regulates:

  • Food

  • Drugs

  • Supplements

• Makes sure products are:

  • Safe

  • Properly labeled

⚠ BUT:

• Supplements are NOT pre-approved before selling

Marketing Red Flags (identification)

Most exercise devices are non-medical class and not pre-market evaluated

Junk Claim Red Flags

1. Based on a single, non-peer reviewed study

2. Promises of quick and easy remedy for complex health problem

3. Extraordinary or groundbreaking

4. Promotes benefits while overlooking risks

5. Scare tactics that are sensational

6. Attacks motives and ethical standards of health care professionals

7. Testimonials and customer reviews are huge part of evidence

8. Uses clinical scientific terms to impress, but that confuse consumers

9. Fake medical experts and/or FDA registry info

10. Tiny and buried disclaimers for expected results

recall what criteria are evaluated to review a study cited with a marketing claim

• Evidence: Original published, peer-reviewed research studies, expert opinions and guidelines, professional organizations(.org), and public agencies (.gov). These sources translate scientific evidence to practice guidelines, they control conflict of interest and do not have commercial aims

• Reasoning: Valid study design and measures, methodolgies. Logical and unobvious mechanics–For instance, subject profile, treatment protocol (example, ORAC studies)  

• [subject, dosing, magnitude of effect, and conflict of interest])=

  • Who was studied? Animals or humans?

  • Dosing: how much was given?

  • Magnitude of Effect: How big was the result?

  • Conflict of interest is who funded the study? Bias?

    • Claim 1. Maintain Healthy Body Weight. Is that the measure? No, it used OB Gene Mice fed a lipogenic diet to measure fat oxidation after a VERY high dose of ketones! OB-gene mice are bred obese, lipogenic diet means a very high fat-calorie diet and lipid oxidation measures how much fat is burned.