Aviation Domestic Laws and Legislation Finals

aviation labor and employment

The specialized legal and regulatory framework governing the relationship between aviation employers and their workforce

crew duty time limitations

regulatory restrictions placed on the number of hours aviation personnel may work, fly, or remain on duty within a specific period

flight time

the period from the moment an aircraft first moves under its own power for takeoff until it finally stops after landing

duty period

includes all assigned tasks performed by crew members before, during, and after a flight

rest period

uninterrupted time provided to crew members for sleep, recovery, and personal needs before the next assignment

flight duty period

begins when a crew member reports for duty involving a flight and ends when the aircraft is parked after the final flight

fatigue risk management system (FRMS)

structured, science-based approach used in aviation to identify, monitor, and control fatigue-related risks

proper crew scheduling

systematic planning of flight duty assignments to ensure that crew members are not overworked

mandatory rest requirements

regulated minimum rest periods that must be provided to flight crew before they are assigned to their next duty

fatigue awareness training

an educational program designed to inform aviation personnel about the causes, symptoms, and consequences of fatigue

encouraging safety reporting culture

refers to the establishment of a non-punitive “just culture” environment where employees can report fatigue related concerns without fear of disciplinary action

employment standards

refers to the set of rules, regulations, and requirements that govern the qualifications, duties, rights, and working conditions of aviation personnel

qualification and licensing requirements

mandatory educational background, technical training and official certifications that individuals must obtain before being allowed to work in aviation roles

medical fitness and health standards

mandatory physical and psychological assessment requirements that ensure aviation personnel are medically capable of performing safety-critical tasks

working hours and fatigue management

refer to regulatory requirements, and fatigue mitigation measures for aviation personnel

fair compensation and benefits

refer to structured policies that ensure aviation personnel receive appropriate salaries, allowances, overtime pay, and employment benefits

training and continuous development

refer to ongoing educational and skill enhancement programs required to maintain and improve the competency of aviation personnel

safety and conduct regulations

refer to formal rules governing professional behavior, operational discipline, and adherence to safety procedures in aviation workplaces

job security and labor rights

refer to legal and organizational protections that safeguard aviation personnel from unfair dismissal, discrimination and unsafe working conditions

“Just Culture”

reporting without fear of judgement and punishment

airport regulations

rules, standards, policies, and legal requirements governing the operation, safety, security and management of airports

aerodrome certification

• used by aircraft conducting international air transport operations

• used by aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats conducting other air transport operations

• the owner of the land which the aerodrome is located

• the occupier of the land on which the aerodrome is located

• the actual person or organization operating the aerodrome

the applicant for an aerodrome certificate should be the operator of the aerodrome, who can be:

AC 139- Manual Standards of Aerodromes

legal requirements for aerodrome certificate are contained here

CAAP Aerodrome Inspector

processes the aerodrome certificate

hardcopy and stored electronically

the aerodrome manual should be in ____

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

all aerodrome data for promulgation

relevant aeronautical safety standards

the applicant must ensure that aerodrome facilities and equipment are compliant with the ____

Manual of Standards (MOS)

the aerodrome facilities and equipment are in accordance with the standards specified in this

Aerodrome Manual

contains all of the particulars require

airport slot allocation

the authorized permission given to an airline to operate a flight at a specific airport during a designated time period for either arrival or departure

arrival slot

authorized time assigned to a airline to land an aircraft

departure slot

the approved time given to an airline to take off from an airport

seasonal slots

allocations based on flight scheduling seasons, typically summer and winter schedules in global aviation planning

may be reallocated or adjusted when the season changes, de

landing fees

charges imposed on aircraft for using the runway to land

reflect:

• runway wear and tear

• pavement maintenance cost

• airside infrastructure utilization

aircraft Minimum Takeoff Weight (MTOW)

landing fees are based on this

parking fees

charged when an aircraft remains parked on airport stands, ramps, or aprons beyond a specified free period

these regulate:

• apron congestion control

• aircraft turnaround efficiency

• space optimization at busy airports

passenger service charges

fees collected from passengers as part of their ticket price

supports passenger-facing services such as:

• check-in systems

• baggage handling

• passenger processing and facilities

terminal charges

fees for the use of airport terminal infrastructure

recover costs of:

• terminal building construction and maintenance

• boarding gates and lounges

• passenger flow systems

security charges

applied to support airport security operations

fund compliance with:

• ICAO Annex 17 (Aviation Security)

• Screening systems and personnel

• Airport security infrastructure

navigation charges

fees paid for air traffic control and air navigation services

these support:

• air traffic control (ATC)

• radar surveillance

• communication and navigation systems

airport environmental protection

refers to the policies, procedures, technologies, and regulations used to minimize the negative environmental impacts caused by airport operations and aviation activities while maintaining safe and efficient air transport services

noise management

refers to the strategic combination of operational procedures, regulatory restrictions, and infrastructural measures designed to mitigate, control, and reduce the impact of aircraft generated noise on surrounding communities and the environment

air quality and emissions control

refers to the regulatory frameworks, technological innovations, and operational strategies implemented to monitor, limit, and reduce harmful exhaust gases and particulate matter generated by aircraft and ground support equipment

Its primary goal is to minimize the aviation industry's carbon footprint and protect local air quality around airports

water and soil protection

refers to the environmental management practices and containment systems used to prevent,control, and remediate the contamination of local water bodies and soil from hazardous airport runoff and operational waste

Its primary focus is safeguarding surrounding ecosystems and groundwater from toxic industrial fluids

wildlife hazard management

refers to the systematic practices, deterrent strategies, and ecological controls used by airports to detect, mitigate, and manage the presence of birds and other animals on or near airfields

Its primary purpose is to eliminate the risk of wildlife strikes to ensure passenger safety while striving to balance environmental and ecosystem protection

waste management

refers to the systematic processes of collecting, segregating, recycling, and safely disposing of the diverse streams of solid, organic, and hazardous waste generated by passengers, terminal operations, and aircraft maintenance

Its primary objective is to maximize resource recovery, minimize landfill reliance, and ensure compliant handling of regulated materials

ICAO Annex 16

sets global standards for aircraft noise and engine emissions

the key binding technical annex covering aviation environmental law

divisions of ICAO Annex 16

Volume I: Aircraft noise

Volume II: Aircraft engine emissions

Volume III: CO₂ Emissions (aircraft climate standards)

Volume IV: CORSIA-related provisions (carbon offsetting framework)

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)

requires international airlines to cap or offset CO₂ emissions

first global market-based aviation climate mechanism

applies to international flights (not domestic aviation)

implemented through state legislation under ICAO obligations

2020 baseline

CORSIA requires airlines to offset emissions above ____

Balanced Approach - Aircraft Noise Management

an ICAO framework adopted locally to address noise concerns reduction at the source, land-use planning, operating restrictions, and noise through abatement procedures

size of fan

controls the energy/fuel consumption of an aircraft

Bohol Panglaw Airport

the first green airport in the Philippines

Presidential Decree No. 1586

“The Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System”

Presidential Decree No. 1586

requires that all environmentally critical projects (ECPs) and projects within environmentally critical areas (ECAs) must undergo a formal environmental assessment and secure an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) before construction or implementation

Republic Act no. 8749

“The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”

Republic Act No. 8749

a comprehensive environmental law that establishes a national air quality management framework to prevent, control, and reduce air pollution from both mobile sources (vehicles, aircraft, and other transport systems) and stationary sources (industrial facilities, power plants, and airport operations).

The law aims to protect public health, ensure clean air, and maintain sustainable air quality standards across the country.

Republic Act No. 9275

“The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004”

Republic Act No. 9275

is a comprehensive environmental law that provides a framework for the protection, preservation, and restoration of the country’s inland and coastal water resources.

It aims to prevent water pollution from land-based sources through wastewater management, pollution control measures, and strict regulation of effluent discharge into water bodies

Republic Act No. 9003

“The Ecological Solid Waste Act of 2000”

Republic Act No. 9729

“The Climate Change Act of 2009”

Republic Act No. 9729

establishes a national framework for systematic integration of climate change concerns into government policy-making, development planning, and decision-making processes

It focuses on both climate change mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and climate change adaptation (building resilience to climate impacts) across all sectors

Republic Act No. 6969

“Toxic Substances, Hazardous, & Nuclear Waste Control Act”

Republic Act no. 6969

an environmental law that regulates the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transport, use, and disposal of toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes.

It establishes controls to prevent environmental contamination and protect human health from exposure to dangerous chemicals and waste materials

Republic Act No. 11285

“Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act”

Republic Act No. 11285

is a law that institutionalizes energy efficiency and conservation as a national policy framework

It promotes the efficient use of energy resources, reduces unnecessary energy consumption, and requires both government and private sectors to adopt energy-saving measures and technologies to improve sustainability and reduce environmental impact

Republic Act No. 9147

“Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act”

Republic Act No. 9147

is a law that provides for the conservation, protection, and sustainable management of wildlife species and their habitats.

It regulates activities that may threaten biodiversity, endangered species, and ecosystems, while promoting ecological balance and environmental sustainability

RA 776

“Civil Aeronautics Act of the Philippines”

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

• implements economic aviation regulations in the Philippines

• responsible for routes, approvals and rights

• issue, revoke, suspend or cancel permits

CPCN

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity

CPCN

Market entry and exit for local airlines

Foreign Air Carrier Permit

Market entry and exit for foreign airlines

CAB Economic Regulation No. 9

Passenger Bill of Rights

• Right to check-in

• Right to sufficient processing time

• Right to priority processing

• Right to board

• Right in case of overbooking

• Rights in case of misconnection or class downgrade

Passenger Rights

refreshments, food

depends on length of delay and inconvenience

Compensation for flight delays, forced downgrade, and exception

compensation for 4-hr delay

entitled to full refund (cash or voucher) or rebooking

Compensation for downgrade and unavailable cabin facilities and services

refund of fare difference (at least 50% of the fare difference, no lower than P5000)

passenger can no longer sue

Once passenger accepts an option/compensation/penalty as liquidated damages

• medical

• lost baggage

• flight cancellation

insurance covers:

reimbursement for essential items

compensation for delayed baggage

monetary compensation based on liability limits

compensation for lost baggage

P2000

compensation per day of a lost baggage

repair or replacement value

compensation for damaged baggage

depends on the condition of the person; compensation applies only on deaths or injury caused by accidents

Compensation for death or bodily injury of a passenger

currency exchange value the day before release of compensation is followed

compensation conversion

prompt

______ payment or compensation is processed before released

alternative transport

transportation provided by alternative means (flight, airline or mode)

compensated

volunteers for offloading are ____

PWDs, unaccompanied minors, medical personnel, denied passengers on previous flights

passengers prioritized in case of overbooking

1 hour before departure

required check-in time for passengers of an international flight with no check-in luggage

45 minutes before departure

required check-in time for passengers of a domestic flight with no check-in luggage

at least 3 hours

processing time for international flight passengers

at least 1 hour

processing time for domestic flight passengers

30-45 minutes

close counter before flight time