PHYSICS - thermal process and properties

conduction process

particles and free electrons at the heated region gain heat energy and vibrate or move faster due to higher kinetic energy. These particles and free electrons collide with neighbouring particles and electrons and passes on the heat energy to the cooler region

conduction in liquid/gas

• not as effective as in solids.

• particles are spaced far apart, so probability of particles transferring their heat energy by collision is lower in liquid and gas. Hence, they are poor conductor of heat.

what is internal kinetic energy?

The internal kinetic energy of a system increases with an increase in temperature, as the particles within the system move faster and have higher kinetic energy.

what is internal potential energy?

Internal potential energy is the energy stored within a system due to the positions and interactions of its components. It arises from the arrangement of particles or molecules within an object or system.

heat capacity

• amount of heat needed to raise temperature by 1 degree

• dependent on mass, material

• The formula for heat capacity is given by:

  [ C = Q/ (^T) ]

  where:

  • ( C ) is the heat capacity

  • ( Q ) is the amount of heat transferred

  • ( \Delta T ) is the change in temperature

specific heat capacity

• amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1kg substance by 1 degree

• dependent on material

• Q = mc(^T)

specific latent heat of fusion

• amount of thermal energy required to change 1kg of substance from liquid to solid state

• Q=mLf

specific latent heat of vapourisation

• amount of thermal energy required to change a 1kg of substance to undergo change in state from liquid to gas.