Chapter 23

Although electricity had been discovered much earlier, its development during the late 1800s led to

a dramatic alteration of the living habits in ordinary households.

Although the __________ were strictly realists, they were responsible for the first significant break with traditional representational art.

impressionists

As European economies leaned heavily on the importation of raw materials for their factories, they began to rely on _________ to offset their trade imbalances.

"invisible" exports

Between the 1840s and the 1940s,

more than 55 million Europeans migrated to North and South America.

By 1884, the right to vote had been extended to MOST _________ in Germany, France, and Britain.

men

By 1895, seven different socialist parties had

been able to win from 25 to 33 percent of the votes in their respective countries.

By the 1880s, new stores sought to attract working-class people by introducing the all-important innovation of ________.

credit payments

During the late nineteenth century, which political party became the MOST successful Marxist party?

the German Social Democratic Party

Friedrich Nietzsche's ideal individual, or "superman," was one who

abandoned the burdens of cultural conformity.

In 1871, Pope Pius IX convened the first Church council since the Catholic Reformation. This council affirmed the pope's authority in all matters of faith and morals by proclaiming the dogma of __________.

papal infallibility

In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst

founded the Women's Social and Political Union.

In his major publication _____________, Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.

On the Origin of Species

In the 1880s, electricity was made available for commercial and domestic use, after the development of

alternators and transformers capable of producing high-voltage alternating current.

In the suppression of the Paris Commune, perhaps 25,000 Parisians died

and thousands more were deported to the penal colony of New Caledonia in the South Pacific.

Picking up after the impressionists, _________ rejected representational art. He believed in painting as a vehicle for self-expression.

Paul Cézanne

Political reform in Britain, Germany, and France gave women the right to sue for divorce. For the women's movement, the next step was

to be able to vote.

Probably the most revolutionary aesthetic leap of early modernism

was the totally abstract, or "object-less," painting.

Reacting to pressure from the British Labour party, the Liberal government

passed a controversial budget that included a progressive income and inheritance taxes designed to make the wealthy pay higher taxes rates.

Reform movements of the early nineteenth century in various areas ranged from poor relief to temperance and ending slavery. These movements depended on women and

tended to raise women's public standing and bring them together.

Revolutionary Marxism was not so strong in Britain as in continental Europe, largely because Radical Liberals and the British Labour party, which was founded in 1901, ____________________.

saw the British Parliament as a legitimate vehicle for achieving social change

Sigmund Freud argued that mental disorders are caused by

a conflict between natural drives and restraints placed on individuals.

Stung by France's defeat in 1870 and the loss of their power and influence, the French landed nobility and the Catholic Church formed a new right that was nationalistic, anti-parliamentary, anti-liberal, and _________.

anti-Semitic

The European governments enacted _______________ to assure stock-holders that they would not lose too much of their wealth if a corporation failed.

limited-liability laws

The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign against the _____________.

Catholics

The defeat of France at the hands of Germany in 1870

ended the Second Empire and triggered the slow formation of the Third Republic.

The growing search for efficient sources of power during the late nineteenth century led to the

invention of the liquid-fuel, internal combustion engine.

The intensity of the British suffragists' moral claims was dramatically displayed when Emily Wilding Davison, wearing a "Votes for Women" sash,

threw herself in front of the king's horse on Derby Day and was trampled to death.

The nineteenth century ended with a burst of energy and innovations in the realm of economics, culture, and politics that led many Europeans to

assume that society was speeding toward a more promising future.

The reliance the European economies placed on the gold standard as a way of mitigating trade imbalances was a disadvantage during economic downturns, as the only way to combat inflation and drive down wages was

allowing unemployment to do the job.

Though anarchists agreed with many of the values of Marxist socialists, they

opposed centrally organized economies and the very existence of nation-states.

To match the power of the corporations, and fueled by a resentment of living a "life apart," Europe's working classes

launched a "new unionism" during the late nineteenth century.

Until the Russo-Japanese War, ordinary Russians trusted in the benevolence of the tsar. This trust was shaken on January 22, 1905, a date afterward referred to as

"Bloody Sunday."

With the rise of the "New Woman," conservative women such as Mrs. Humphrey Ward believed that

women should avoid politics because female political involvement would sap the virility of the empire.

______ was one of the MOST important technological innovations of the second industrial revolution.

Steel