WEEK 1, 2, 3, 4,5 - HEALTH EDUCATION (1styr-2ndsem-Prelims)

Evolution of teaching role of nurses

* Teaching as function within the scope of nursing practice \n
* Educating their colleagues \n
* Training the trainer \n
* Clinical Instructor

Albularyo

* Derived from the word @@herbolario meaning Herbalist.@@

WHO define Health Education as:

* "Comprising of consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve @@**health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills**@@ which are conducive to individual and community health."

Brief History of Health Education

* History accounts that people of the ancient world were concerned about their health
* In the past the ancient Greek estates observed sports competitions in honor of their gods and goddess
* This requires physical and mental training in order to win
* Believes in Plato envisioned about health

Patient

* What is the @@**1st party?**@@

Nurse

* What is the @@**2nd party?**@@

Government

* What is the @@**3rd party?**@@

National League of Nursing Education

* @@**NLNE**@@ stands for?

“Patient bill of rights”

* Inform consent
* Patient receives correct & accurate info about their health status
* Health education must consider

Prognosis

* @@**Chances of survival**@@ (e.g. 3 months to live)

@@**Monitoring in the USA;**@@ when they monitor you, you are known

* What is @@**JCAHO?**@@

5 areas of Responsibility of HE

* Planning
* Implementation
* Evaluation & Research
* Resource Person
* Advocate

Implementation

* Put to action, use wide range of teaching methods for specific age groups
* Teach what is in your teaching plan

Evaluation + Research

* Reasses; to improve practice
* Informal; Q & A
* RETDEMO

Resource Person

* @@**Informer, one who delivers topic,**@@ must be available when patient needs em’ most

Advocate

* @@**As nurse - protect patient rights (bill of rights)**@@

Nurse Educator

* @@**Address diversity**@@ in diverse setting
* A good example
* Observe, rules & regulation
* Formulation of policies

1. Attitude
2. Knowledge
3. Skill

* What are the @@**(3) domain?**@@

Trephination

* Boring hole into the skull

Taboos

* Set by @@**supernatural forces**@@

1990s

* @@**Philippines entered**@@ the _____ as a modernizing society

Faith Healers

* @@**Witch doctors or self-declared physicians**@@ who charge less

1993

In____, the @@**Department of Health launched its Hospitals**@@ as Centers for Wellness

(Nursing Process) - Appraise physical and psychosocial needs \n \n (Education Process) - Ascertain learning needs, readiness to learn and learning styles

* Assessment

(Nursing Process) - Develop care plan based on mutual goal setting to meet individual needs \n \n (Education Process) - Develop teaching plan based on mutually predetermined behavioral outcomes to meet individual needs

* @@__**Planning**__@@

(Nursing Process) - Carry out nursing care interventions using standard procedures \n \n (Education Process) - Perform the act of teaching using specific teaching methods and instructional materials

* @@**Implementation**@@

(Nursing Process) - Determine the physical and psychosocial outcomes \n \n (Education Process) - Determine behavioral changes (outcomes) in knowledge, attitudes, and skills

* @@**Evaluation**@@

Health Educator

* A @@**professionally prepared individual**@@ who serves in a variety of roles

Learning Theory

* a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principle that @@**describe, explain, or predict how people learn**@@
* used to bring about change in the way individual understand information and changes in the way they perform a task or skill
* helps provide a focus for creating an environment and condition in which teaching can occur more effectively

Behavioral Learning Theory

* Focuses on what is directly observable in learners \n
* Learning is the product of stimulus condition(S) and response(R) \n
* A research conducted on how both human and animals learned
* based on the work of Ivan Ivan Pavlov(1927) and Edward Thorndike(1932)

Systematic desensitization

* A @@**technique based on respondent conditioning**@@ that is used by psychologists to reduce fear and anxiety in their clients.

Stimulus Generalization

* the tendency of initial learning experiences to be @@**easily applied to other stimuli**@@

Discrimination learning

* learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another; @@**the reverse of generalization**@@ \n
* occur with @@**one or more varied experience,**@@ in which individual learns to differentiate among similar stimuli

Thorndike

* @@**Original S-R framework,**@@ responds randomly to stimuli, learning is trial and error (Theorist?)

Pavlov

* @@**Classical conditioning**@@ is involuntary and based on experience (Theorist?)

Skinner

* Operant conditioning, learning @@**produces a desirable behavior**@@ because it is reinforced or strengthened (Theorist?)

Hull

* @@**S-R framework**@@ (based on Thorndike) includes reinforcement as a characteristic of learning. (Theorist?)

Unconditioned Stimulus

* one that unconditionally, naturally and automatically @@**triggers a response.**@@

Unconditioned Response

* the @@**unlearned response**@@ that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

* previously neutral stimulus that, @@**after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus**@@, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response

* previously neutral stimulus that, @@**after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus**@@, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response

* the learned @@**response to the previously neutral stimulus**@@

Operant Conditioning

* a learning as a change in probability of response. \n
* a set of behavior that constitute an individual doing something \n
* coined by behaviorist B.F. Skinner. believes that internal thought and motivations could not be used to explain. \n
* " Active behavior that operates upon the environment'“

Positive Reinforcers

* are favorable @@**events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior**@@. A response or behavior is strengthened by praise or reward.

Positive punishment

* is @@**a punishment by application, involves the presentation of an unfavorable event**@@ or outcome in order to weaken the response

Negative Reinforcers

* the removal of @@**unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior**@@. A response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant

Negative Punishment

* is @@**punishment by removal, occurs when an favorable event**@@ or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.

Escape Conditioning

* an unpleasant stimulus is being applied, the individual responds in some way that causes the @@**uncomfortable stimulation to cease.**@@

Avoidance Conditioning

* the unpleasant stimulus is @@**anticipated rather than being applied directly**@@

Reinforcement

* @@**Increase**@@ the frequency of desirable behavior

Punishment

* Decrease the frequency of undesirable behavior.

Cognitive Learning Theory

* the @@**key to learning and changing is the individual's cognition**@@ (perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing and structuring information). \n
* interpreting it based on what is already known, Then reorganizing the information into new insights or understanding

Benefits of Cognitive Theory

* Boosts confidence \n
* Enhances Comprehension \n
* Improves problem-solving skills \n
* Encourage continuous learning

Social learning theory

* based on the work of Albert Bandura (1977, 2001), \n
* who mapped out a perspective on learning that includes consideration of the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and the environment.

Principles of Social Learning Theory

* Attentional phase, a necessary condition for any learning to occur. \\n
* Retention phase, which involves the storage and retrieval of what was observed. \\n
* Reproduction phase, during which the learner copies the observed behavior. \\n \\n
* Motivational phase, which focuses on whether the learner is motivated to perform a certain type of behavior.

The Central concept of social learning theory

1\.Role Modeling \n \n 2.Vicarious reinforcement

Role Modeling

* emphasizes that role models need to be enthusiastic, professionally organized, caring, and self-confident, as well as knowledgeable, skilled, and good communicators.

Vicarious reinforcement

* involves determining whether role models are perceived as rewarded or punished for their behavior. \n
* The model seen by the observer as rewarded or punished may have a direct influence on learning.

Application of the Theory Application of the Theory

* understanding of aggression (Bandura, 1973) and psychological disorders, particularly in the context of behavior modification (Bandura, 1969).

Psychodynamic Learning Theory

* a Motivational theory that emphasizes on emotions rather than cognition or responses.
* It emphasizes the importance of conscious and unconscious forces in guiding behavior , personality conflict and the enduring effects of childhood experiences on adult behavior

Humanistic Learning Theory

* the assumption that every individual is unique and that all individuals have a desire to grow in a positive way \n
* The importance of emotions and feelings, the right of the individual to make their own choices and human creativity is the cornerstone of humanistic approach to learning. \n
* Abraham Maslow is the major contributor to humanistic theory.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

* @@**JCAHO**@@ stands for?

Gestalt principle

* a psychological organization is directed toward simplicity, equlibrium, and regularity

Information processing

* a cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes

Human Development

* emphasizes how cognition are based on how external events are conceptualized, organized and represented with each person which is partially dependent in individual stages of development in perception

Social constructivism

* the individual formulates or construct their own version of really and the learning and human development are richly colored by social and cultural context

Enhance comprehension

* In cognitive learning, students learn by doing it

Attention

* various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value

Giving positive reinforcement

* greatly enhances the likelihood that a response will be repeated in similar circumstances.

Improves problem-solving skills

* Problem-solving skills are critical at any level of leadership

Boosts confidence

* Cognitive learning can also improve confidence in your ability to handle challenges at work

Encourages continuous learning

* Cognitive skills promote long term learning as it allows you to connect previous knowledge with new materials

Role modeling

* a central concept of social learning theory

Vicarious reinforcement

* another concept from social learning theory, involves determining whether role models are perceived as rewarded or punished for their behavior

Retention

* remembering what you paid attention to

Reproduction

* reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self observation of reproduction

Motivation

* having a good reason to imitate. Includes motives such as past

Cognitive learning

* a style of learning that focuses on more effective use of the brain

Cognition

* the mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding through the senses, experience and thought.

Behaviorism

* a theory of learning which states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning

Conditioning

* a form of learning in which either a given stimulus (or signal) becomes increasingly effective in evoking a response

Teaching and Learning Process

* is a transaction or a complex cooperative and personal relationship between faculty and students

Learning

* about a change: the change brought about by developing a new skill, understanding a scientific law, changing an attitude

Learning

* It is a relative change in persons behavior brought about through experience or interactions with the environment

Learning

* is an active process that actively engage learner in learning activities to achieve optimum learning

Teaching

* the process of engaging students in activities that will enable to acquire the skills, knowledge as well as worthwhile values and attitude

Principle

* a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption

Education process

* a systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically based, planned course of action consisting of two major interdependent operations: teaching and learning.


* This process forms a continuous cycle that also involves two interdependent players: the teacher and the learner.

Andragogy

* the term coined by Knowles (1990) to describe his theory of adult learning, is the art and science of helping adults learn.

Gerogogy

* a term used to describe teaching of older persons
* For teaching to be effective, gerogogy must accommodate the normal physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur at this phase of growth and development,

Pedagogy

* the art and science of helping children to learn
* The different stages of childhood are divided according to what developmental theorists

Educator

* a person who provides instruction or education; a teacher

Learning

* The acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught

Readiness

* The state of being fully prepared for something

Role

* the function assumed, or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation

Style

* A distinctive appearance, typically determined by the principles according to which something is designed

Physical

* Dependent on environment, needs security, explore self and environment, natural curiosity

Cognitive

* Sensorimotor stage: Learning is enhanced through sensory experiences and through movement and manipulation of objects in the environment capacity.
* The toddler has basic for reasoning, understands object permanence, has the beginnings of memory, and begins to develop an elementary concept of causality.

Trust vs. mistrust

* During this time, children must work through their first major dilemma of developing a sense of trust with their primary caretaker

Autonomy vs. shame

* Toddlers must learn to balance feelings of love and hate and learn to cooperate and control willful desires