Paper 4 Aice Lang

Bernsteins Codes

people use different language styles depending on their social background, especially restricted and elaborated code

Restricted Code

Used with close family or close friends, less elaborated speech

Elaborated Code

Used with strangers, more elaborated speech

Code Switch

when a speaker changes their language or speech style in a situation

Conversational Face

persons social image during an interaction

Conversational Implicature

meaning that is suggested but not stated

Grices Cooperative Principle

people in conservation try to cooperate so communication works

Divergence

when people purposely make their speech less like the other person

Convergence

when people purposely make their speech more like the other person

Face-threatening acts

acts said in a conservation that challenge someones self-image or dignity

Idiolect

unique way an individual users language

Negative Face

persons desire for freedom/privacy

Positive Face

persons desire to be liked, approved, and appreciated

Sociolect

how social classes or social groups use language

Giles CAT (Communication Accomodation Theory)

the different ways peopple adjust their language in an interaction

Grices Maxims

Four guidelines for effective conversation: Quanity, Quality, Relation , Manner

Quantity

Give enough info

Quality

tell the truth

Relation

be relevant to the topic

Manner

be clear

Linguistic determinism

Language controls the way people think

Linguistic Relativity

Idea that language influences how people think and see the world

Lakoff’s politeness principles

want to make the other listener feel good, EX: “help me” —→ “Could you maybe help me?”

Leech’s politeness maxims

rules about polite communication

Includes: Genorosity; put others first, Modesty; avoid self-praise, Agreement; reduce conflict, Sympathy; show empathy

Anglocentric

perspective that places English language and English speaking cultures at the center and assume they are superior

Crystal’s Tri-English World

3 levels of English users. Native languagee, Second language, Foreign language

EFL

English as a foreign language, learned in a country where it is barely used

ENL

English as a native language, used as a first language by people in countries where it is the first language

ESL

English as a second language, used in a country where it plays an important role in communication but is not the first language

Kachru’s circles

model dividing English into three circles: Inner (same as native), Outer (same as second), and Expanding (same as foreign)

Killer language

dominant language that causes other smaller languages to decline or dissapear

Language death

extinction of a language when no speakers remain

Language shift

The process by which a community stops using one language so they can use another

Lingua Franca

a common language used for communication between people with different native languages

Linguistic imperialism

spread of a dominant language at the expense of others due to political or economic power

Modiano’s Centripetal Circles of International English

model focusing in English as an international language with proficiency at the middle

Non-standard English

forms of english that differ from the accepted standard but still have rules

Schneider’s Dynamic Model

model explaining how new varities of English develop over time

McArthur’s circle of World English

model showing world Englishes as a circle with standard English at the center and regional varieties around it

Standard English

form of English which is widely accepted for formal communicaiton, education, and media

Language revitalization

efforts to revive a strengthen a declining or endangered language